Charles Stuart (II, King)

Wikipedia

Charles II
Charles II in the robes of the Order of the Garter
King of Scots
Reign	30 January 1649 – 3 September 1651[1]
Coronation	1 January 1651
Predecessor	Charles I
Successor	The Covenanters
King of England, Scots, and Ireland (more...)
Reign	29 May 1660[2] – 6 February 1685
Coronation	23 April 1661
Predecessor	Charles I (de jure) Council of State (de facto)
Successor	James VII & II
Spouse	Catherine of Braganza
more illegitimate issue... Issue
James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth Charles FitzCharles, 1st Earl of Plymouth Charles FitzRoy, 2nd Duke of Cleveland Charlotte Lee, Countess of Lichfield Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Grafton George FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Northumberland Charles Beauclerk, 1st Duke of St Albans Charles Lennox, 1st Duke of Richmond
House	House of Stuart
Father	Charles I of England
Mother	Henrietta Maria of France
Born	29 May 1630(1630-05-29) St. James's Palace, London England
Died	6 February 1685 (aged 54) Whitehall Palace, London
Burial	Westminster Abbey

Charles II (29 May 1630 OS – 6 February 1685) was the King of England, Scotland, and Ireland.

Charles II's father King Charles I was executed at Whitehall on 30 January 1649, at the climax of the English Civil War. The English Parliament did not proclaim Charles II king at this time. Instead they passed a statute making such a proclamation unlawful. England entered the period known to history as the English Interregnum or the English Commonwealth and the country was a de facto republic, led by Oliver Cromwell. Scotland, however, was then a separate kingdom and the Parliament of Scotland proclaimed Charles II King of Scots on 5 February 1649 in Edinburgh. He was crowned King of Scots at Scone on 1 January 1651. Following his defeat by Cromwell at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651, Charles fled to mainland Europe and spent the next nine years in exile in France, the United Provinces and the Spanish Netherlands.

A political crisis following the death of Cromwell in 1658 resulted in Charles being invited to return and assume the throne in what became known as the Restoration. Charles II arrived on English soil on 27 May 1660 and entered London on his 30th birthday, 29 May 1660. After 1660, all legal documents were dated as if Charles had succeeded his father in 1649. Charles was crowned King of England and Ireland at Westminster Abbey on 23 April 1661.

Charles's English parliament enacted anti-Puritan laws known as the Clarendon Code, designed to shore up the position of the re-established Church of England. Charles acquiesced to the Clarendon Code even though he himself favoured a policy of religious tolerance. The major foreign policy issue of Charles's early reign was the Second Anglo-Dutch War. In 1670, Charles entered into the secret treaty of Dover, an alliance with his first cousin King Louis XIV of France under the terms of which Louis agreed to aid Charles in the Third Anglo-Dutch War and pay Charles a pension, and Charles promised to convert to Roman Catholicism at an unspecified future date. Charles attempted to introduce religious freedom for Catholics and Protestant dissenters with his 1672 Royal Declaration of Indulgence, but the English Parliament forced him to withdraw it. In 1679, Titus Oates's revelations of a supposed "Popish Plot" sparked the Exclusion Crisis when it was revealed that Charles's brother and heir (James, Duke of York) was a Roman Catholic. This crisis saw the birth of the pro-exclusion Whig and anti-exclusion Tory parties. Charles sided with the Tories, and, following the discovery of the Rye House Plot to murder Charles and James in 1683, some Whig leaders were killed or forced into exile. Charles dissolved the English Parliament in 1679, and ruled alone until his death on 6 February 1685. He converted to Roman Catholicism on his deathbed.

Charles was popularly known as the Merrie Monarch, in reference to both the liveliness and hedonism of his court and the general relief at the return to normality after over a decade of rule by Oliver Cromwell and the Puritans. Charles's wife, Catherine of Braganza, bore no children, but Charles acknowledged at least 12 illegitimate children by various mistresses.

[edit] Early life

Charles Stuart, the eldest surviving son of King Charles I of England and Scotland and Henrietta Maria of France, was born in St. James's Palace on 29 May 1630 (8 June 1630 NS). He was baptised in the Chapel Royal on 27 June by the Anglican Bishop of London William Laud and brought up in the care of the Protestant Countess of Dorset, though his godparents included his mother's Catholic relations, King Louis XIII and the Dowager Queen of France.[3] At birth, he automatically became (as the eldest surviving son of the Sovereign) Duke of Cornwall and Duke of Rothesay (along with several other associated titles); at or around his eighth birthday he was designated Prince of Wales, though he was never formally invested with the Honours of the Principality of Wales.[4]

During the 1640s, when Charles was still young, his father fought parliamentary and Puritan forces in the English Civil War. Charles accompanied his father during the Battle of Edgehill and, at the age of fourteen, participated in the campaigns of 1645, when he was made titular commander of the English forces in the West Country.[5] By Spring 1646, his father was losing the war, and Charles left England due to fears for his safety, going first to the Isles of Scilly, then to Jersey, and finally to France, where his mother was already living in exile and his first cousin, eight-year-old Louis XIV of France, sat on the throne.[6]

In 1648, during the Second English Civil War, Charles moved to The Hague, where his sister Mary and his brother-in-law William II, Prince of Orange seemed more likely to provide substantial aid to the Royalist cause than the Queen's French relations.[7] However, the royalist fleet that came under Charles's control was not used to any advantage, and did not reach Scotland in time to join up with the royalist Engagers army of the Duke of Hamilton, before it was defeated at the Battle of Preston.[8]

At The Hague, Charles had a brief affair with Lucy Walter, who later falsely claimed that they had secretly married.[9] Their son, James Crofts (afterwards Duke of Monmouth and Duke of Buccleuch), was to become the most prominent of Charles's many illegitimate sons in British political life.

Charles I was captured in 1647. He escaped and was recaptured in 1648. Despite his son's diplomatic efforts to save him, Charles I was beheaded in 1649, and England became a republic. Immediately following the execution of Charles I however, the Parliament of Scotland declared Charles II King of Scots in succession to his father on 5 February 1649 provided he accept certain conditions. To succeed, Charles was reluctantly induced to make promises that he would abide by the terms of a treaty agreed between him and the Scots Parliament at Breda, and support the Solemn League and Covenant, which authorized Presbyterian church governance across Britain. Upon his arrival in Scotland on 23 June 1650, Charles formally agreed to the Covenant; his abandonment of Episcopal church governance, although winning him support in Scotland, left him unpopular in England. Charles himself soon came to despise the "villainy" and "hypocrisy" of the Covenanters.[10]

On 3 September 1650, the Covenanters were defeated at the Battle of Dunbar by a much smaller force led by Oliver Cromwell. The Scots forces were divided into royalist Engagers and Presbyterian Covenanters, who even fought each other. Disillusioned by the Covenanters, in October Charles attempted to escape from them and rode north to join with an Engager force, an event which became known as "the Start", but within two days the Presbyterians had caught up with and recovered him.[11] Nevertheless, the Scots remained Charles's best hope of restoration, and he was crowned King of Scots at Scone on 1 January 1651. With Cromwell's forces threatening Charles's position in Scotland, it was decided to mount an attack on England. With many of the Scots (including Argyll and other leading Covenanters) refusing to participate, and with few English royalists joining the force as it moved south into England, the invasion ended in defeat at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651, following which Charles hid in the Royal Oak at Boscobel House. Through six weeks of narrow escapes Charles managed to flee England in disguise, landing in Normandy on 16 October, despite a reward of £1,000 on his head, risk of death for anyone caught helping him and the difficulty in disguising Charles, who was unusually tall at over 6 feet (185 cm) high.[12][13]

Cromwell was appointed Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland, essentially placing them under military rule. Impoverished, Charles could not obtain sufficient support to mount a serious challenge to Cromwell's government. Despite the Stuart family connections through Henrietta Maria and the Princess of Orange, France and the United Provinces allied themselves with Cromwell's government from 1654, forcing Charles to turn for aid to Spain, which at that time ruled the Southern Netherlands. He attempted to raise an army, but failed for lack of finance.[14]

[edit] Restoration

Scottish and English Royalty
House of Stuart
Charles II
Illegitimate sons included
James Scott, Duke of Monmouth
Charles FitzRoy, Duke of Cleveland and Southampton
Henry FitzRoy, Duke of Grafton
George FitzRoy, Duke of Northumberland
Charles Beauclerk, Duke of St Albans
Charles Lennox, Duke of Richmond and Lennox

After the death of Cromwell in 1658, Charles's chances of regaining the Crown at first seemed slim as Cromwell was succeeded as Lord Protector by his son, Richard. However, the new Lord Protector, with no power base in either Parliament or the New Model Army, was forced to abdicate in 1659 and the Protectorate was abolished. During the civil and military unrest which followed, George Monck, the Governor of Scotland, was concerned that the nation would descend into anarchy.[15] Monck and his army marched into the City of London and forced the Rump Parliament to re-admit members of the Long Parliament excluded in December 1648 during Pride's Purge. The Long Parliament dissolved itself and for the first time in almost 20 years, there was a general election.[16] The outgoing Parliament designed the electoral qualifications so as to ensure, as they thought, the return of a Presbyterian majority.[17]

The restrictions against royalist candidates and voters were widely ignored, and the elections resulted in a House of Commons which was fairly evenly divided on political grounds between Royalists and Parliamentarians and on religious grounds between Anglicans and Presbyterians.[17] The new so-called Convention Parliament assembled on 25 April 1660, and soon afterwards received news of the Declaration of Breda, in which Charles agreed, amongst other things, to pardon many of his father's enemies. The English Parliament resolved to proclaim Charles king and invite him to return, which message reached Charles at Breda on 8 May 1660.[18] In Ireland, a convention had been called earlier in the year, and on 14 May it declared for Charles as King.[19]

Charles set out for England, arriving in Dover on 25 May 1660 and reaching London on 29 May (which is considered the date of the Restoration, and was Charles's 30th birthday). Although Charles and Parliament granted amnesty to Cromwell's supporters in the Act of Indemnity and Oblivion, this made specific provision for 50 people to be excluded.[20] In the end nine of the regicides were executed:[21] they were hanged, drawn and quartered; others were given life imprisonment or simply excluded from office for life. The bodies of Oliver Cromwell, Henry Ireton and John Bradshaw were subjected to the indignity of posthumous decapitations.[22]

Charles agreed to give up feudal dues which had been revived by his father; in return, the English Parliament granted him an annual income of £1,200,000 generated largely from customs and excise dues with which to run the government. The grant, however, proved to be insufficient for most of Charles's reign. The aforesaid sum was only an indication of the maximum the King was allowed to withdraw from the Treasury each year; for the most part, the actual revenue was much lower, which led to mounting debts, and further attempts to raise money through poll taxes, land taxes and hearth taxes.

In the latter half of 1660, Charles's joy at the Restoration was tempered by the deaths of his youngest brother, Henry, and sister, Mary, of smallpox. At around the same time, Anne Hyde, the daughter of the Lord Chancellor Edward Hyde, revealed that she was pregnant by Charles's brother, James, whom she had secretly married. Edward Hyde, who had not known of either the marriage or the pregnancy, was created Earl of Clarendon and his position as Charles's favourite minister was strengthened.[23]

[edit] Coronation

The Convention Parliament was dissolved in December 1660 and Charles's coronation took place at Westminster Abbey on 23 April 1661. Charles was the last sovereign to make the traditional procession from the Tower of London to Westminster Abbey the day before the coronation.[24] Shortly after the coronation, the second English Parliament of the reign assembled. Dubbed the Cavalier Parliament, it was overwhelmingly Royalist and Anglican. It sought to discourage non-conformity to the Church of England, and passed several acts to secure Anglican dominance. The Corporation Act 1661 required municipal officeholders to swear allegiance;[25] the Act of Uniformity 1662 made the use of the Anglican Book of Common Prayer compulsory; the Conventicle Act 1664 prohibited religious assemblies of more than five people, except under the auspices of the Church of England; and the Five Mile Act 1665 prohibited clergymen from coming within five miles (8 km) of a parish from which they had been banished. The Conventicle and Five Mile Acts remained in effect for the remainder of Charles's reign. The Acts became known as the "Clarendon Code", after Lord Clarendon, even though he was not directly responsible for them and even spoke against the Five Mile Act.[26]

[edit] Social change

The English Restoration represented much change socially after the Interregnum. Puritanism lost its momentum. Restoration literature celebrated or reacted to the "Restoration Court." Theatres reopened after having been closed during the protectorship of Oliver Cromwell. Bawdy "Restoration Comedy" became a recognizable genre. In addition, women were allowed to perform on stage for the first time. Libertines like John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester, joined the restored court. Of Charles II, Wilmot wrote:

God bless our good and gracious king,

Whose promise none relies on;

Who never said a foolish thing,

Nor ever did a wise one.

To which Charles is reputed to have replied:

"That is true; for my words are my own, but my actions are those of my ministers."[27]

[edit] Great Plague and Fire

In 1665, Charles was faced with a great health crisis: the Great Plague of London. The death toll at one point reached a peak of 7000 in the week of 17 September.[28] Charles, his family and court fled London in July to Salisbury; Parliament met in Oxford.[29] Various attempts at containing the disease by London public health officials all fell in vain and the disease continued to spread rapidly.[30]

Adding to London's woes, but marking the end of the plague, was what later became famously known as the Great Fire of London, which started on 2 September 1666. The fire consumed about 13,200 houses and 87 churches, including St. Paul's Cathedral.[31] Charles, and his brother James, joined and directed the fire-fighting effort. The public blamed Roman Catholic conspirators for the fire,[32] though it had actually started in a bakehouse in Pudding Lane.[31]

[edit] Foreign and colonial policy

[edit] Alliance with Portugal

Since 1640, Portugal had been fighting a war of independence against Spain after a dynastic union of 60 years between the crowns of Spain and Portugal. Portugal had been helped by France, but in the Treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659 Portugal was abandoned by its French ally. Upon Charles's restoration, Queen Luísa of Portugal, acting as regent, opened negotiations with England that resulted in an alliance. On 23 June 1661, a marriage treaty was signed, and in May 1662, Charles married Catherine of Braganza in the parish of St Thomas à Becket, Portsmouth.[4] Catherine's dowry brought the territories of Tangier and Bombay to British control. The latter had a major lasting influence on the development of the British Empire in India. During the same year, in an unpopular move, he sold Dunkirk, which (although a valuable strategic outpost) was a drain on Charles's limited finances,[33] to his first cousin King Louis XIV of France for about £375,000.[34].

Appreciative of the assistance given to him in gaining the throne, Charles awarded North American lands then known as Carolina—named after his father—to eight nobles (known as Lords Proprietors) in 1663.

[edit] Anglo-Dutch wars

Whereas the Navigation Acts of 1650, which hurt Dutch trade by giving English vessels a monopoly, started the First Dutch War (1652–1654), the Second Dutch War (1665–1667) was started by English attempts to muscle in on Dutch possessions in Africa and North America. The conflict began well for the English, with the capture of New Amsterdam (renamed New York in honour of Charles's brother James, Duke of York) and a victory at the Battle of Lowestoft, but in 1667 the Dutch launched a surprise attack upon the English (the Raid on the Medway) when they sailed up the River Thames to where a major part of the English fleet was docked. Almost all of the ships were sunk except for the flagship, the HMS Royal Charles, which was taken back to the Netherlands as a trophy.[35] The Second Dutch War ended with the signing of the Treaty of Breda (1667).

As a result of the Second Dutch War, Charles dismissed Lord Clarendon, whom he used as a scapegoat for the war.[36] Clarendon fled to France when impeached for high treason (which carried the penalty of death). Power passed to five politicians known collectively by a whimsical acronym as the Cabal—Clifford, Arlington, Buckingham, Ashley (afterwards Earl of Shaftesbury) and Lauderdale. In fact, the Cabal rarely acted in consort, and the court was often divided between two factions led by Arlington and Buckingham, with Arlington the more successful.[37]

[edit] War of devolution

In 1668, England allied itself with Sweden, and with its former enemy the Netherlands, in order to oppose Louis XIV in the War of Devolution. Louis made peace with the Triple Alliance, but he continued to maintain his aggressive intentions towards the Netherlands. In 1670, Charles, seeking to solve his financial troubles, agreed to the Treaty of Dover, under which Louis XIV would pay him £160,000 each year. In exchange, Charles agreed to supply Louis with troops and to announce his conversion to Roman Catholicism "as soon as the welfare of his kingdom will permit".[38] Louis was to provide him with 6,000 troops to suppress those who opposed the conversion. Charles endeavoured to ensure that the Treaty—especially the conversion clause—remained secret.[39] It remains unclear if Charles ever seriously intended to convert.[19]

Meanwhile, by a series of five charters, Charles granted the British East India Company the rights to autonomous territorial acquisitions, to mint money, to command fortresses and troops, to form alliances, to make war and peace, and to exercise both civil and criminal jurisdiction over the acquired areas in India.[40] Earlier in 1668 he leased the islands of Bombay for a nominal sum of £10 paid in gold.[41] The Portuguese territories that Catherine brought with her as dowry had proved too expensive to maintain; Tangier was abandoned.[42]

In 1670, Charles also granted a royal charter to establish the Hudson's Bay Company. The company eventually became the oldest corporation in Canada. It started out in the lucrative fur trade with the native peoples, but eventually governed and colonized about 7,770,000 square kilometres (3,000,000 square miles) of North America.[43]

[edit] Conflict with Parliament

Although previously favourable to the Crown, the Cavalier Parliament was alienated by the king's wars and religious policies during the 1670s. In 1672, Charles issued the Royal Declaration of Indulgence, in which he purported to suspend all penal laws against Roman Catholics and other religious dissenters. In the same year, he openly supported Catholic France and started the Third Anglo-Dutch War.[44]

The Cavalier Parliament opposed the Declaration of Indulgence on constitutional grounds (claiming that the King had no right to arbitrarily suspend laws) rather than on political ones. Charles withdrew the Declaration, and also agreed to the Test Act, which not only required public officials to receive the sacrament under the forms prescribed by the Church of England,[45] but also later forced them to denounce certain teachings of the Roman Catholic Church as "superstitious and idolatrous".[46] Clifford, who had converted to Catholicism, resigned rather than take the oath, and died shortly after. By 1674 England had gained nothing from the Anglo-Dutch War, and the Cavalier Parliament refused to provide further funds, forcing Charles to make peace. The power of the Cabal waned and that of Clifford's replacement, Lord Danby, grew.

Charles's wife Queen Catherine was unable to produce an heir; her four pregnancies had ended in miscarriages and stillbirths in 1662, February 1666, May 1668 and June 1669.[4] Charles's heir-presumptive was therefore his unpopular Roman Catholic brother, James, Duke of York. Partly in order to assuage public fears that the royal family was too Catholic, Charles agreed that James's daughter, Mary, should marry the Protestant William of Orange.[47] In 1678, Titus Oates, who had been alternately both Anglican and a former Jesuit priest, falsely warned of a "Popish Plot" to assassinate the king, even accusing the Queen of complicity. Charles did not believe the allegations, but ordered his chief minister Lord Danby to investigate. While Lord Danby seems to have been sceptical about Oates's claims, the Cavalier Parliament took them seriously.[48] The people were seized with an anti-Catholic hysteria;[49] judges and juries across the land condemned the supposed conspirators; numerous innocent individuals were executed.[50]

Later in 1678, Lord Danby was impeached by the House of Commons on the charge of high treason. Although much of the nation had sought war with Catholic France, Charles had secretly negotiated with Louis XIV, trying to reach an agreement under which England would remain neutral in return for money. Lord Danby had publicly professed that he was hostile to France, but had reservedly agreed to abide by Charles's wishes. Unfortunately for him, the House of Commons failed to view him as a reluctant participant in the scandal, instead believing that he was the author of the policy. To save Lord Danby from the impeachment trial, Charles dissolved the Cavalier Parliament in January 1679.[51]

The new English Parliament, which met in March of the same year, was quite hostile to Charles. Having lost the support of Parliament, Lord Danby resigned his post of Lord High Treasurer, but received a pardon from the king. In defiance of the royal will, the House of Commons declared that the dissolution of Parliament did not interrupt impeachment proceedings, and that the pardon was therefore invalid. When the House of Lords attempted to impose the punishment of exile—which the Commons thought too mild—the impeachment became stalled between the two Houses. As he had been required to do so many times during his reign, Charles bowed to the wishes of his opponents, committing Lord Danby to the Tower of London. Lord Danby would be held there for another five years.[52]

[edit] Later years

Another political storm which faced Charles was that of succession to the Throne. The prospect of a Catholic monarch was vehemently opposed by Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury (previously Baron Ashley and a member of the Cabal, which had fallen apart in 1673), and his power base was strengthened when the House of Commons of 1679 introduced the Exclusion Bill, which sought to exclude the Duke of York from the line of succession. Some even sought to confer the Crown to the Protestant Duke of Monmouth, the eldest of Charles's illegitimate children. The Abhorrers—those who thought the Exclusion Bill was abhorrent—were named Tories (after a term for dispossessed Irish Catholic bandits), while the Petitioners—those who supported a petitioning campaign in favour of the Exclusion Bill—became called Whigs (after a term for rebellious Scottish Presbyterians).[53]

Fearing that the Exclusion Bill would be passed, and bolstered by some acquittals in the continuing Plot trials, which seemed to him to indicate a more favourable public mood towards Catholicism, Charles dissolved the English Parliament, for a second time that year, in the summer of 1679. Charles's hopes for a more moderate Parliament were not fulfilled, within a few months he had dissolved Parliament yet again, after it sought to pass the Exclusion Bill. When a new Parliament assembled at Oxford in March 1681, Charles dissolved it for a fourth time after just a few days.[54] During the 1680s, however, popular support for the Exclusion Bill ebbed, and Charles experienced a nationwide surge of loyalty, for many of his subjects felt that Parliament had been too assertive. Lord Shaftesbury was charged with treason and fled to Holland, where he died. For the remainder of his reign, Charles ruled as an absolute monarch.[55]

Charles's opposition to the Exclusion Bill angered some Protestants. Protestant conspirators formulated the Rye House Plot, a plan to murder the King and the Duke of York as they returned to London after horse races in Newmarket. A great fire, however, destroyed Charles's lodgings at Newmarket, which forced him to leave the races early thus, inadvertently, avoiding the planned attack. News of the failed plot was leaked.[56] Protestant politicians such as Arthur Capell, 1st Earl of Essex, Algernon Sydney, Lord William Russell and the Duke of Monmouth were implicated in the plot. Lord Essex slit his own throat while imprisoned in the Tower of London; Sydney and Russell were executed for high treason on very flimsy evidence; and the Duke of Monmouth went into exile at the court of William of Orange. Lord Danby and the surviving Catholic lords held in the Tower were released and the King's Catholic brother, James, acquired greater influence at court.[57] Titus Oates was convicted and imprisoned for defamation.[58]

Charles suffered a sudden apoplectic fit on the morning of 2 February 1685, and died at 11:45 a.m. four days later at Whitehall Palace (at the age of 54). The symptoms of his final illness are similar to those of uraemia (a clinical syndrome due to kidney dysfunction).[59] On his deathbed Charles asked his brother, James, to look after his mistresses: "be well to Portsmouth, and let not poor Nelly starve",[60] and told his courtiers: "I am sorry, gentlemen, for being such a time a-dying."[61] On the last evening of his life he was received into the Roman Catholic Church, though the extent to which he was fully conscious or committed, and with whom the idea originated, is unclear.[62] He was buried in Westminster Abbey "without any manner of pomp"[61] on 14 February[63] and was succeeded by his brother who became James II of England and Ireland and James VII of Scotland.

[edit] Posterity and legacy

Charles left no legitimate heir. He did, however, have a dozen children by seven mistresses;[64] five of those children were borne by a single woman, the notorious Barbara Palmer, Countess of Castlemaine, for whom the Dukedom of Cleveland was created. His other mistresses included Catherine Pegge, Louise de Kérouaille, Duchess of Portsmouth, Lucy Walter, Elizabeth Killigrew and Nell Gwyn. Many of his children received dukedoms or earldoms; the present Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry, Duke of Richmond and Gordon, Duke of Grafton and Duke of St Albans all descend from Charles in direct male line.[65] The public resented paying taxes that were spent on maintaining Charles's mistresses and illegitimate children;[66] John Wilmot wrote of Charles:

Diana, Princess of Wales was descended from two of Charles's illegitimate sons, the Duke of Grafton and the Duke of Richmond (who is also a direct ancestor of Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall, second wife of Charles, Prince of Wales). Thus Diana's son Prince William of Wales, second in line to the British Throne, is likely to be the first monarch descended from Charles II.

Charles's eldest son, the Duke of Monmouth, led a rebellion against James II, but was defeated at the battle of Sedgemoor on 6 July 1685, captured, and executed. James II, however, was eventually dethroned in 1688 in the course of the Glorious Revolution. James was the last Catholic monarch to rule Britain.

Looking back on Charles's reign, Tories tended to view it as a time of benevolent monarchy whereas Whigs perceived it as a terrible despotism. Today it is possible to assess Charles without the taint of partisanship, and he is seen as more of a lovable rogue—in the words of John Evelyn: "a prince of many virtues and many great imperfections, debonair, easy of access, not bloody or cruel".[68]—and is depicted extensively in literature and other media.

Charles, a patron of the arts and sciences, helped found the Royal Society, a scientific group whose early members included Robert Hooke, Robert Boyle and Sir Isaac Newton, and the Royal Observatory, Greenwich. Charles was the personal patron of Sir Christopher Wren, the architect who helped rebuild London after the Great Fire in 1666. Wren also constructed the Royal Hospital Chelsea, which Charles founded as a home for retired soldiers in 1682. Theatre licenses granted by Charles were the first in England to permit women to play female roles on stage (they were previously played by boys).[69]

The anniversary of Charles's Restoration (which was also his birthday)—29 May—was recognized in England until the mid-nineteenth century as Oak Apple Day, after the Royal Oak in which Charles hid during his escape from the forces of Oliver Cromwell. Traditional celebrations involved the wearing of oak leaves but these have now died out.[70] The anniversary of the Restoration is also an official Collar Day.

London's Soho Square, built in the late 1670s was originally called King Square in honour of Charles II, and a statue of him, erected in 1681, still stands in the square.[71] A statue of Charles II in ancient Roman dress by Grinling Gibbons (1676), has stood since 1692 in the Figure Court of the Royal Hospital Chelsea. He is also commemorated by a statue near the south portal of Lichfield Cathedral to honour his restoration of that cathedral following the English Civil War.(See pictures)

[edit] Titles, styles, honours and arms

[edit] Titles and styles

• 29 May 1630 – May 1638: The Duke of Cornwall
• May 1638 – 30 January 1649: The Prince of Wales
• 30 January 1649 – 6 February 1685: His Majesty The King
  • in Scotland: His Grace The King

Charles's full titles as Prince of Wales were Prince Charles, Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester, Duke of Cornwall, Duke of Rothesay, Earl of Carrick, Baron Renfrew, Lord of the Isles, Prince and Great Steward of Scotland, Knight Companion of the Most Noble Order of the Garter

The official style of Charles II was Charles the Second, by the Grace of God, King of England, Scotland, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, etc. (The claim to France was only nominal, and had been asserted by every English King since Edward III, regardless of the amount of French territory actually controlled.)

[edit] Honours

• KG: Knight of the Garter, 21 May 1638 – 30 January 1649

[edit] Arms

As Prince of Wales, Charles's arms were those of the kingdom (which he later inherited), differenced by a label argent of three points[72]. His arms as monarch were: Quarterly, I and IV Grandquarterly, Azure three fleurs-de-lis Or (for France) and Gules three lions passant guardant in pale Or (for England); II Or a lion rampant within a tressure flory-counter-flory Gules (for Scotland); III Azure a harp Or stringed Argent (for Ireland).

[edit] Ancestry

[edit] Children

By Marguerite or Margaret de Carteret

1. Letters claiming that she bore Charles a son named James de la Cloche in 1646 are dismissed by historians as forgeries.[73]

By Lucy Walter (c.1630–1658)

1. James Crofts, later Scott (1649–1685), created Duke of Monmouth (1663) in England and Duke of Buccleuch (1663) in Scotland. Ancestor of Sarah, Duchess of York. Lucy Walter had a daughter, Mary Crofts, born after James, but Charles II was not the father.[4]

By Elizabeth Killigrew (1622–1680), daughter of Sir Robert Killigrew, married Francis Boyle, 1st Viscount Shannon in 1660

1. Charlotte Jemima Henrietta Maria FitzRoy (1650–1684), married the William Paston, 2nd Earl of Yarmouth

By Catherine Pegge

1. Charles FitzCharles (1657–1680), known as "Don Carlo", created Earl of Plymouth (1675)
2. Catherine FitzCharles (born 1658; she either died young or became a nun at Dunkirk)[74]

By Barbara Villiers Palmer (1641–1709), wife of Roger Palmer, 1st Earl of Castlemaine created Duchess of Cleveland in her own right

1. Anne Palmer (Fitzroy) (1661–1722), Countess of Sussex, married Thomas Lennard, 1st Earl of Sussex. She may have been the daughter of Roger Palmer, but Charles accepted her anyway.[75]
2. Charles Fitzroy (1662–1730) created Duke of Southampton (1675), became 2nd Duke of Cleveland (1709)
3. Henry Fitzroy (1663–1690), created Earl of Euston (1672), Duke of Grafton (1675), also 7 Greats-Grandfather of Diana, Princess of Wales
4. Charlotte Fitzroy (1664–1717). She married Edward Lee, 1st Earl of Lichfield.
5. George Fitzroy (1665–1716), created Earl of Northumberland (1674), Duke of Northumberland (1678)
6. Barbara (Benedicta) Fitzroy (1672–1737) – She was probably the child of John Churchill, later Duke of Marlborough, who was another of Cleveland's many lovers,[76] and was never acknowledged by Charles as his own daughter.[77]

By Nell Gwyn (1650–1687)

1. Charles Beauclerk (1670–1726), created Duke of St Albans (1684)
2. James, Lord Beauclerk (1671–1680)

By Louise Renée de Penancoet de Kérouaille (1649–1734), created Duchess of Portsmouth in her own right (1673)

1. Charles Lennox (1672–1723), created Duke of Richmond (1675) in England and Duke of Lennox (1675) in Scotland. Ancestor of Diana, Princess of Wales, Camilla, The Duchess of Cornwall, and Sarah, Duchess of York.

By Mary 'Moll' Davis, courtesan and actress of repute[78]

1. Lady Mary Tudor (1673–1726), married Edward Radclyffe, 2nd Earl of Derwentwater; after Edward's death, she married Henry Graham, and upon his death she married James Rooke.

Other probable mistresses:

1. Christabella Wyndham[79]
2. Hortense Mancini, Duchess of Mazarin[80]
3. Winifred Wells – one of the Queen's Maids of Honour[81]
4. Jane Roberts – the daughter of a clergyman[81]
5. Elizabeth Berkeley, née Bagot, Dowager Countess of Falmouth – the widow of Charles Berkeley, 1st Earl of Falmouth[81][82]
6. Elizabeth Fitzgerald, Countess of Kildare[81]

[edit] Footnotes

[edit] References

• "Charles II (r. 1660–1685)". The official web site of the British Monarchy. http://www.royal.gov.uk/HistoryoftheMonarchy/KingsandQueensoftheUnitedKingdom/TheStuarts/CharlesII.aspx. Retrieved on 2007-09-07. 
• Fraser, Antonia (1979). King Charles II. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 0297775715. 
• Hutton, Ronald (1989). Charles II: King of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Oxford (England): Clarendon Press. ISBN 0198229119. 
• Miller, John (1991). Charles II. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 0297812149. 
• Seaward, Paul (September 2004; online edn, May 2006), "Charles II (1630–1685)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press), doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/5144, http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/5144, retrieved on 2007-09-07 

[edit] Further reading

• Abbott, Jacob (1849). History of King Charles the Second of England. Available at Project Gutenberg, Retrieved on 2007-05-18
• Hamilton, Anthony, Memoirs of the court of Charles II, P.F. Collier & Son, 1910. Memoirs of Philibert, comte de Gramont
• Harris, Tim (2005). Restoration: Charles II and his kingdoms, 1660–1685. London: Allen Lane. ISBN 0713991917. 
• Jones, J. R. (1987). Charles II: Royal Politician. London. 
• Keay, Anna (2008). The Magnificent Monarch: Charles II and the Ceremonies of Power. London: Hambledon Continuum. ISBN 9781847252258. 
• Kenyon, J. P. (1957), "Review Article: The Reign of Charles II", Cambridge Historical Journal XIII: 82–86 
• Miller, John (1985). Restoration England: the reign of Charles II. London: Longman. ISBN 0582353963. 

[edit] External links

• Archival material relating to Charles II of England listed at the UK National Register of Archives

Charles II of England House of Stuart Born: 29 May 1630 Died: 6 February 1685
Regnal titles
Preceded by Charles I Succession interrupted by the English Interregnum	King of England 1660 – 1685	Succeeded by James VII & II
	King of Scotland 1649 – 1651 1660 – 1685
	King of Ireland 1660 – 1685
British royalty
Preceded by Elizabeth Stuart	Heir to the English, Scottish and Irish Thrones as heir apparent29 May 1630 – 30 January 1649	Succeeded by James II of England
Preceded by Charles	Prince of Wales	Vacant Title next held by James Francis Edward Stuart
Peerage of England
Preceded by Charles	Duke of Cornwall 1630 - 1649	Vacant Title next held by James Francis Edward Stuart
Peerage of Scotland
Preceded by Charles	Duke of Rothesay 1630 - 1649	Vacant Title next held by James Francis Edward Stuart
Political offices
Preceded by The Duke of York later became King James II	Lord High Admiral 1673	Succeeded by Prince Rupert of the Rhine
Preceded by The Earl of Nottingham as First Lord of the Admiralty	Lord High Admiral 1684 – 1685	Succeeded by King James II
Titles in pretence
Loss of title English Commonwealth	— TITULAR — King of England 1649 – 1660	Reclaimed throne

Persondata
NAME	Charles II of England and Scotland
ALTERNATIVE NAMES	Charles Stuart
SHORT DESCRIPTION	King of England, Ireland and Scotland
DATE OF BIRTH	29 May 1630
PLACE OF BIRTH	St. James's Palace, London
DATE OF DEATH	6 February 1685
PLACE OF DEATH	Whitehall Palace, London

This text was last fetched from this Wikipedia page (where you can edit it) on
3 Jul 2009, 8:07pm under the terms of the GFDL.

Annotations

• N helena murphy on Mon 17 Feb 2003, 05:46pm. Flag this

  Charles II was born on May 29th 1630 at Saint James’s palace in London.He was the first surviving child of Charles I and his French Queen Henrietta Maria. He had a happy and secure childhood with his brothers James and Henry and his sisters Elizabeth and Mary. During his boyhood he often witnessed his father govern in the banqueting room at Whitehall.However the 1630’s was a difficult time for Charles as his perogative was being increasingly challenged as regards taxation, the established church, foreign policy and command of the army by the presbyterian and puritan factions in parliament.Civil war broke out in 1642 and the young prince of Wales was present at the Battle of Edgehill but he was too young to participate. After the royalist defeat at Naseby in 1645 his father urged him to go to France for his personal safety. After the execution of the king the jprince was declared Charles II by all royalists and he was determined to recover his birthright. He hoped to do this with the help of a Scottish army so he landed in Scotland where he was crowned king at scone on New Year’s jDay 1651. Sadly he was defeated at Worcester by cromwell, Fleetwood and Lambert. He managed to escape to the continent but he was seen as a mere penniless refugee by Cardinal Mazarin who ruled France all but in name. When the Fronde broke out c.1648-1652 he had to leave paris. This was a national rebellion by the princes of the blood who wanted a greater say in running the country, unlke the republican rebellion in England. He went to The Hague for a while but he had to constantly move from placeto place as the Commonwealth was gaining incresing respectability. With hopes of a French alliance lost he hoped to court the Spanish and raise an army with their help from royalist soldiers and officers who were sharing his fate on the continent. When Spain was defeated at the battle of the Dunes in 1658 by France and England he was quite demoralised. However he was supported in his exile by such astute intelligent men as Edward Hyde and James Butler later Duke of Ormond. Cromwell died in 1658 and during the protectorate of Richard Cromwell the tide began to turn. England was tiring of radicalism, military coups and war.
  The king was invited back to his kingdom by parliament and General monk. Charles sailed from holland on board the Royal Charles with his two
  brothers Sir Edward Montague General at sea and Pepys. When he arrived in Dover he lovingly greeted monk with the word “father”. He entered London on his thirtieth birthday and never left England again. He died in 1685 and was succeded by his brother James Duke of York as he did not have legitimate issue from his marriage to Catherine of Braganza.

• N Susanna on Mon 17 Feb 2003, 10:16pm. Flag this

  Antonia Fraser wrote an excellent biography of him, “Royal Charles: Charles II and the Restoration.” There is also an interesting picture of him provided by Ronald Hutton for the BBC:

  http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/state/monarchs_leaders/charlesii_masq_1.shtml

• N Philip Somervail on Tue 18 Feb 2003, 05:54pm. Flag this

  I recently re-read ‘The Escape of Charles II after the Battle of Worcester’ by Richard Ollard (1966, reissued 2002), and can thoroughly recommend it as a fast-moving, gripping account of the King’s time on the run in 1651, from Worcester to (eventually) France. The King recounted his story to none other than Pepys, many years after the event, and it is clear that his memory of those days was still vivid. (Looking at http://dogbert.abebooks.com/abe/BookSearch I see that a number of copies of this book are available – and indeed that Mr Ollard has written other books on Charles II, and indeed a biography of Pepys too.)

• N steve h on Tue 28 Oct 2003, 03:05pm. Flag this

  From Macaulay’s portrait of Charles II
  http://www.strecorsoc.org/macaulay/m02a.html#2a7

  “The motives which governed the political conduct of Charles the Second differed widely from those by which his predecessor and his successor were actuated. He was not a man to be imposed upon by the patriarchal theory of government and the doctrine of divine right. He was utterly without ambition. He detested business, and would sooner have abdicated his crown than have undergone the trouble of really directing the administration. Such was his aversion to toil, and such his ignorance of affairs, that the very clerks who attended him when he sate in council could not refrain from sneering at his frivolous remarks, and at his childish impatience. Neither gratitude nor revenge had any share in determining his course; for never was there a mind on which both services and injuries left such faint and transitory impressions. He wished merely to be a King such as Lewis the Fifteenth of France afterwards was; a King who could draw without limit on the treasury for the gratification of his private tastes, who could hire with wealth and honours persons capable of assisting him to kill the time, and who, even when the state was brought by maladministration to the depths of humiliation and to the brink of ruin, could still exclude unwelcome truth from the purlieus of his own seraglio, and refuse to see and hear whatever might disturb his luxurious repose. For these ends, and for these ends alone, he wished to obtain arbitrary power, if it could be obtained without risk or trouble. In the religious disputes which divided his Protestant subjects his conscience was not at all interested. For his opinions oscillated in contented suspense between infidelity and Popery. But, though his conscience was neutral in the quarrel between the Episcopalians and the Presbyterians, his taste was by no means so. His favourite vices were precisely those to which the Puritans were least indulgent. He could not get through one day without the help of diversions which the Puritans regarded as sinful.”

• N JaniceThomson on Fri 16 Jan 2004, 12:04pm. Flag this

  Many have judged Charles II far less harshly than Macaulay. See last chapter of Ollard’s “Charles II” (1931)A good recent biography is “Royal Survivor” by Stephen Coote.

• N dirk on Sat 15 May 2004, 03:15am. Flag this

  Some pictures…

  Charles II in Coronation Robes:
  http://www.kipar.org/resources/resources-images/paintings/1660/1667_3.jpg

  Procession of Charles II’s Restoration to the Throne:
  http://www.kipar.org/resources/resources-images/paintings/1660/procession_61.jpg

  Charles II and his Gardener:
  http://www.kipar.org/resources/resources-images/paintings/1670/charles_75.jpg
  

• N Pedro. on Sat 24 Jul 2004, 11:02pm. Flag this

  For a more light-hearted vision of Charlie.
  
  Charlie the second
  Was one for the girls
  He gave them all rubies
  He gave them all pearls
  He gave them all babies
  In quite large amounts
  Thus creating the peerage
  Of Dukes, Earls and Counts

  http://www.windsorsoup.co.uk/dchas11.html
  

• N Jeannine on Wed 20 Apr 2005, 06:38pm. Flag this

  Several books on Charles II are listed in the biography section of the site at http://www.pepysdiary.com/p/2433.php
  

• N Lynn on Thu 12 May 2005, 11:28am. Flag this

  By my reckoning, Charles II is Prince Charles’s 1st cousin 10 times removed. He’s Diana Spencer’s 8th Great-Grandfather (and therefore William and Harry’s 9th Great-Grandfather) and Charles II is Sarah Ferguson’s 10th Great-Grandfather (and therefore Beatrice and Eugine’s 11th Great-Grandfather). Do correct me if I’m wrong!

• N Jeannine on Tue 5 Jul 2005, 01:02am. Flag this

  Charles’ Mistresses. An interesting article with a summary of the cast of characters…http://www.britannia.com/history/charmist.html

• N Jeannine on Tue 5 Jul 2005, 01:15am. Flag this

  Charles Dickens didn’t think to highly of the Merry Monarch.

  http://www.book-portal.net/dickens/childs/childs35.html

• N Jeannine on Tue 5 Jul 2005, 01:37am. Flag this

  Other biographical, historical and related links

  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_England

  http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/Page92.asp

  http://www.strecorsoc.org/macaulay/m02a.html#2a7

  http://history.wisc.edu/sommerville/361/361-30.htm

  http://www.worldwideschool.org/library/books/hst/english/RoyaltyRestoredorLondonunderCharlesII/toc.html

  http://instruct.uwo.ca/english/234e/site/charlesii.html

• N Jeannine on Tue 12 Jul 2005, 10:25pm. Flag this

  Updated list of biographies of Charles II.

  http://www.pepysdiary.com/p/2433.php

• N richard holden on Sun 24 Jul 2005, 09:57pm. Flag this

  Charles fornicated while London burned, eh Nero.

• N Jeannine on Sun 31 Jul 2005, 02:39pm. Flag this

  In depth article featuring Charles II is found at this site at:

  http://www.pepysdiary.com/indepth/archive/2005/07/26/the_bedchamber.php

• N Cumgranissalis on Thu 20 Oct 2005, 04:55am. Flag this

  Charles II modesty?

  “Now I am speaking to you of My own good Husbandry, I must tell you, that will not be enough: I cannot but observe to you, that the whole Nation seems to Me a little corrupted in their Excess of Living. Sure all Men spend much more, in their Cloaths, in their Diet, in all their Expences, than they have used to do. I hope it hath only been the Excess of Joy, after so long Sufferings, that hath transported us to these other Excesses. But let us take Heed, that the Continuance of them doth not indeed corrupt our Natures. I do believe I have been faulty that Way Myself: I promise you, I will reform; and if you will join with Me in your several Capacities, We shall by Our Examples do more Good, both in City and Country, than any new Laws would do. I tell you again, I will do My Part; and I will tell some of you, if you do not yours. I hope the Laws I have passed this Day will produce some Reformation with reference to the Multitude of Beggars and poor People which infest the Kingdom. Great Severity must be used to those who love (Footnote *) Idleness, and refuse to work; and great Care and Charity towards those who are willing to work. I do very heartily recommend the Execution of those good Laws to your utmost Diligence; and I am sure I need not put you in Mind so to settle the Militia, that all seditious Insurrections may not only be prevented, to which the Minds of too many are inclined, but that the People may be without reasonable Apprehension of such Insecurity…..”

  From: ‘House of Lords Journal Volume 11: 19 May 1662’, Journal of the House of Lords: volume 11: 1660-1666, pp. 468-77. URL: http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=14288&strquery=dunkirk%201662. Date accessed: 20 October 2005.
  

• N Jeannine on Sun 23 Oct 2005, 03:12pm. Flag this

  “Charles II modesty” from the file entiled “do as I say, not as I do”…..

• N jeannine on Mon 20 Feb 2006, 08:14pm. Flag this

  “Advice that Charles I Bequeathed to his Son Charles II” can be found at
  http://anglicanhistory.org/charles/eikon/27.html
  

• N dirk on Fri 24 Feb 2006, 10:52pm. Flag this

  “An Apologie for the Royal Party” (1659); and “A Panegyric to Charles the Second” (1661)

  Edited & with an introduction by Geoffrey Keynes, Los Angeles, 1951. With the original handwritten sidenotes.

  Released today on Gutenberg Project (can be read online or downloaded)

  http://www.gutenberg.org/files/17833/17833-h/17833-h.htm
  

• N jeannine on Sun 23 Apr 2006, 12:42am. Flag this

  Two interesting views on the character of Charles II from two men who knew him.
  “Burnet on Charles II

  Gilbert Burnet included an assessment of Charles’s character in his History of My Own Time, published in the 1720’s. This earlier version (c.1683) is perhaps more revealing.

  He is very affable not only in public but in private, only he talks too much and runs out too long and too far; he has a very ill opinion both of men and women, and so is infinitely distrustful; he thinks the world is governed wholly by interest, and indeed he has known so much of the baseness of mankind that no wonder if he has hard thoughts of them: but when he is satisfied that his interests are likewise become the interests of his ministers, then he delivers him-self up to them in all their humours and revenges…He has often kept up differences amongst his ministers and has balanced his favours pretty equally amongst them…he naturally inclines to refining and loves an intrigue…He loves his ease so much that the great secret of all his ministers is to find out his temper exactly and to be easy to him. He has many odd opinions about religion and morality; he thinks an implicitness in religion is necessary for the safety of gov-ernment and he looks upon all inquisitiveness into these things as mischievous to the state: he thinks all appetites are free and that God will never damn a man for allowing himself a little pleasure…I t>elieve he is no atheist, but that rather he has formed an odd idea of that goodness of (god in his mind; he thinks to be wicked, and to design mischief, is the only thing that God hates…

  Halifax on Charles II

  Halifax was a minister of Charles during his last years and he thus writes from first hand experience.

  He lived with his ministers as he did with his mistresses; he used them, but he was not in love with them. He showed his judgment in this, that he cannot properly be said ever to have had a favourite, though some might look so at a distance…he tied himself no more to them than they did to him, which implied a sufficient liberty on either side…

  He had back stairs to convey informations to him, as well as for other uses; and though such informations are sometimes dangerous (especially to a prince that will not take the pains necessary to digest them) yet in the main that humour of hearing everybody against anybody kept those about him in more awe than they would have been without it. I do not believe that ever he trusted any man or any set of men so entirely as not to have some secrets in which they had no share; as this might make him less well served, so in some degree it might make him the less imposed upon.”

  Quoted from: http://www.thecaveonline.com/APEH/spengdutch17cent.html#anchorcharlesii

• N Michael Robinson on Wed 18 Jul 2007, 01:14pm. Flag this

  Charles II Bible (and Prayer Book) circa 1659-60

  http://www.royalcollection.org.uk/eGallery/object.asp?category=CABOOKS+AND+MANUSCRIPTS&object=1142247&row=23

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References in the diary

1660

Feb: 21, 25
Mar: 2, 5, 6, 8, 9, 13, 16, 19
Apr: 1, 2, 3, 4, 11, 15, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 27, 29
May: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 31
Jun: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 27, 28, 30
Jul: 4, 5, 8, 10, 11, 19, 28
Aug: 1, 4, 7, 12, 14, 15, 21, 23, 24, 31
Sep: 1, 3, 5, 6, 16, 20, 23, 25
Oct: 3, 7, 14, 17, 22, 23, 28, 29, 30
Nov: 2, 4, 7, 9, 10, 11, 15, 19, 20, 22, 23, 27
Dec: 3, 5, 9, 16, 31

1661

Jan: 1, 2, 4, 7, 10, 13, 15, 22
Feb: 14, 18, 19, 22, 28
Mar: 9, 25
Apr: 3, 13, 15, 16, 17, 20, 22, 23, 24
May: 1, 4, 7, 16, 21, 23, 29, 31
Jun: 10, 30
Jul: 2, 23, 26, 27, 30
Aug: 11, 14, 15, 19, 27, 31
Sep: 1, 7, 11, 12, 27, 30
Oct: 4, 10, 17, 19, 21
Nov: 12, 20, 21, 30
Dec: 6, 21

1662

Jan: 3, 22, 25
Feb: 17
Mar: 5, 7, 12, 14, 16, 21, 23, 27, 31
Apr: 1, 6, 7, 11, 13, 19, 20, 21
May: 7, 10, 11, 14, 18, 19, 21, 23, 24, 26, 29, 31
Jun: 4, 6, 12, 13, 14, 18, 20, 22, 25, 27, 28, 30
Jul: 2, 6, 11, 16, 17, 19, 21, 25, 26, 30
Aug: 5, 6, 10, 12, 13, 18, 20, 23, 25
Sep: 1, 3, 5, 7, 13, 14, 21, 24, 29, 30
Oct: 2, 6, 8, 16, 17, 21, 24, 27, 30, 31
Nov: 1, 3, 10, 17, 21, 24, 27, 28, 29, 30
Dec: 1, 3, 8, 14, 21, 23, 24, 25, 29, 31

1663

Jan: 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 12, 19
Feb: 1, 2, 7, 8, 17, 18, 19, 21, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28
Mar: 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 16, 17, 20, 21, 24
Apr: 1, 2, 4, 8, 13, 14, 17, 18, 23, 25, 27, 29
May: 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 13, 14, 15, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 25, 27, 28, 29, 31
Jun: 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, 13, 16, 17, 20, 22, 23, 26, 30
Jul: 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 17, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 29, 30, 31
Aug: 3, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 31
Sep: 1, 5, 10, 22, 24, 28, 30
Oct: 1, 5, 6, 13, 14, 19, 20, 26, 27
Nov: 2, 4, 5, 6, 9, 13, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 25, 27, 28, 30
Dec: 3, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 18, 19, 22, 26, 28, 29, 31

1664

Jan: 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 11, 14, 20, 21, 22, 25, 29
Feb: 1, 8, 10, 11, 15, 17, 18, 22, 28, 29
Mar: 2, 4, 9, 11, 14, 17, 21, 25, 26, 28, 30, 31
Apr: 2, 5, 13, 14, 18, 21, 23, 27, 29, 30
May: 16, 19, 20, 23, 29, 31
Jun: 1, 4, 10, 13, 14, 17, 20, 23, 24, 27, 30
Jul: 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 29, 30
Aug: 11, 12, 15, 17, 26
Sep: 6, 7, 8, 10, 19, 20, 28, 29
Oct: 5, 7, 8, 12, 13, 18
Nov: 4, 8, 9, 16, 17, 18, 19, 22, 24, 25, 28, 29
Dec: 2, 3, 6, 15, 16, 17, 22, 24, 27

1665

Jan: 3, 9, 12, 15, 28
Feb: 4, 10, 18, 25, 27
Mar: 10, 13, 20, 27
Apr: 1, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 14, 17, 23, 24, 28
May: 12, 13, 18, 28, 29
Jun: 2, 5, 6, 8, 9, 13, 14, 17, 18, 21, 23, 24, 25
Jul: 2, 5, 6, 14, 18, 23, 24, 26, 27
Aug: 4, 10, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19
Sep: 1, 3, 7, 11, 12, 15, 18, 20, 22, 23, 26
Oct: 1, 6, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 22, 23, 24, 25, 28
Nov: 1, 3, 6, 8, 14, 16, 17, 23, 27, 28, 29
Dec: 3, 5, 6, 11, 12, 16, 31

1666

Jan: 6, 9, 12, 25, 27, 28, 30, 31
Feb: 2, 8, 11, 16, 19, 23, 25, 26
Mar: 2, 7, 8, 9, 12, 19, 26
Apr: 8, 14, 15, 21, 22, 23
May: 4, 19, 24, 29, 30, 31
Jun: 2, 3, 4, 6, 10, 16, 18, 19, 21, 24, 26, 29, 30
Jul: 1, 2, 3