Daily entries from the 17th century London diary
Description
Biographies and Portraits
Edward Hyde the Earl of Clarendon (1609-1674), a dignified statesman and historian, as depicted here and from the National Portrait Gallery was the Lord High Chancellor during the early years of the Restoration of King Charles II. Several wonderful websites offer excellent and well detailed biographies and related background information on Lord Clarendon:1911 Encyclopedia;British Civil Wars and Wikipedia.
Clarendon in the Diary
Sam’s interactions with the Lord Chancellor were limited but favorable, including an affectionate walk where he took Lord Sandwich’s young son to meet the King, the Duke and Lord Chancellor. Sam witnessed the King granting Hyde his title and Earldom and often shared niceties while delivering a letter. Over time, amidst the political factions, Clarendon often found himself on the unpopular side of the licentious Court of Charles II. He was unfairly blamed by Lord Bristoll on a variety of fabricated charges which the Lords agreed did not constitute treason.
By 1667 he found himself blamed for the Second Dutch War and more sensitively to Charles II, the marriage of Frances Stuart to the Duke of Richmond. Charles dismissed him in 1667 and Clarendon lived out the final years of his life in exile. During that time he wrote his famous History of the Great Rebellion. Shamefully for the King, as Clarendon was old and very ill he twice wrote to the King asking to be allowed to return home to England to die with his children. The King never replied to his requests and Clarendon died at Rouen, with his younger son Lawrence Hyde present, on December 9, 1674.
Further Resources
Some of the biographies and related non-fiction written by or about Clarendon are listed below. These books tend to be rare and may be available through your local library (with the help of the research department) or are sometimes available through the used book search or your local country Amazon.com.
- Clarendon and His Friends by Richard Ollard
- Clarendon’s Four Portraits by Edward Hyde Earl of Clarendon
- The History of the Great Rebellion and Civil Wars in England in the Year 1641 by Edward Hyde Earl of Clarendon
- The Life of Edward Earl of Clarendon by Edward Hyde Earl of Clarendon
- The Life of Edward Earl of Clarendon, Lord High Chancellor of England by Sir Henry Craik
- The Life and Administration of Edward First Earl of Clarendon with Original Correspondence with Authentic Papers never before published by T.H. Lister
Additional Background
Editor’s Note
This summary incorporates links provided by Matthew in 2003.
Wikipedia
Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon (18 February 1609 – 9 December 1674) was an English historian and statesman, and grandfather of two English monarchs, Mary II and Queen Anne.
[edit] Biography
[edit] Early life
Hyde was the third son[1] of Henry Hyde of Dinton and Purton, Wiltshire (brother of Lawrence Hyde (attorney-general)), a member of a family for some time established at Norbury, Cheshire and his wife Mary Langford. He was initially educated at Gillingham School,[2] and entered Magdalen Hall, Oxford, (now Hertford College, Oxford, where his portrait hangs in the hall) in 1622, having been rejected by Magdalen College, and graduated BA in 1626. Intended originally for holy orders in the Church of England, the death of two elder brothers made him his father's heir, and in 1625 he entered the Middle Temple to study law. His abilities were more conspicuous than his industry, and at the bar his time was devoted more to general reading and to the society of eminent scholars and writers than to the study of law treatises.
This time was not wasted. In later years Clarendon declared "next the immediate blessing and providence of God Almighty" that he "owed all the little he knew and the little good that was in him to the friendships and conversation...of the most excellent men in their several kinds that lived in that age." These included Ben Jonson, Selden, Waller, Hales, and especially Lord Falkland; and from their influence and the wide reading in which he indulged, he doubtless drew the solid learning and literary talent which afterwards distinguished him.
In 1629 he married his first wife, Anne, daughter of Sir George Ayliffe of Grittenham, who died six months afterwards; and secondly, in 1634, Frances, daughter of Sir Thomas Aylesbury, Master of Requests and Anne Denman. From this second marriage there were three children, including a daughter, Anne. In 1633 he was called to the bar, and obtained quickly a good position and practice. His marriages had gained for him influential friends, and in December 1634 he was made keeper of the writs and rolls of the common pleas; while his able conduct of the petition of the London merchants against Portland earned Laud's approval.
[edit] Political career
In April 1640, Hyde was elected Member of Parliament for both Shaftesbury and Wootton Bassett in the Short Parliament and chose to sit for Wootton Bassett. In November 1640 he was elected MP for Saltash in the Long Parliament,[3] He was at first a moderate critic of King Charles I, but gradually moved over towards the royalist side, championing the Church of England and opposing the execution of the Earl of Strafford, Charles's primary advisor. Following the Grand Remonstrance of 1641, Hyde became an informal advisor to the King. He was disabled from sitting in parliament in 1642.
During the Civil War, Hyde served in the King's council as Chancellor of the Exchequer, and was one of the more moderate figures in the royalist camp. By 1645 his moderation had alienated him from the King, and he was made guardian to the Prince of Wales, with whom he fled to Jersey in 1646.
Hyde was not closely involved with Charles II's attempts to regain the throne in 1649 to 1651. It was during this period that Hyde began to write his great history of the Civil War. Hyde rejoined the exiled king in the latter year, and soon became his chief advisor; Charles named him Lord Chancellor in 1658. On the restoration of the monarchy in 1660, he returned to England with the King and became even closer to the royal family through the marriage of his daughter, Anne, to the king's brother James, Duke of York, the heir-presumptive (who, after the death of his first wife, would succeed to the throne as James II of England & VII of Scotland). Their two daughters, Mary II and Queen Anne would each one day reign in their own right.
[edit] Later years and exile
In 1660, Hyde was raised to the peerage as Baron Hyde, of Hindon in the County of Wiltshire, and the next year was created Viscount Cornbury and Earl of Clarendon. He served as Chancellor of the University of Oxford from 1660-1667.
As Lord Chancellor, it is commonly thought that Clarendon was the author of the "Clarendon Code", designed to preserve the supremacy of the Church of England. However, he was not very heavily involved with the drafting and actually disapproved of much of its content. It was merely named after him, as he was a chief minister.[citation needed]
In 1663, the Earl of Clarendon was one of eight Lords Proprietor given title to a huge tract of land in North America which became the Province of Carolina. However, he began to fall out of favour with the king, and the military setbacks of the Second Anglo-Dutch War of 1665 to 1667 led to his downfall. Clarendon was impeached, in part, for blatant violations of habeas corpus; sending prisoners out of England to places like Jersey, and holding them there without benefit of trial. He was impeached by the House of Commons, and forced to flee to France in November, 1667. Clarendon was accompanied to France by his private chaplain and ally William Levett, later Dean of Bristol.[4]
He spent the rest of his life in exile, working on the History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England, his classic account of the English Civil War. (The proceeds from this book's publication were instrumental in building the Clarendon Building at Oxford.) He died in Rouen on 9 December 1674. Shortly after his death, his body was returned to England, and he is buried in Westminster Abbey.
[edit] Family
Clarendon was grandfather to Mary II and Queen Anne, via the marriage of his daughter Anne Hyde to the future James II. Clarendon's sons, Henry Hyde, 2nd Earl of Clarendon, and Lawrence Hyde, 1st Earl of Rochester, were also major political figures in their own right. His third son Hon. Edward Hyde died at the age of twenty, shortly after being brought into Parliament. Clarendon's two cousins, Richard Rigby, Secretary of Jamaica and his son, Richard Rigby, Chief Secretary of Ireland and Paymaster of the Army, were successful politicians in the succeeding generations.
[edit] Portrayals
Nigel Bruce portrays Sir Edward Hyde in the 1947 film The Exile, to Douglas Fairbanks, Jr.'s Charles II.
In the film Cromwell, Clarendon (called only Sir Edward Hyde in the movie), is portrayed by Nigel Stock as a sympathetic, conflicted man torn between Parliament and the King. He finally turns against him altogether when Charles I pretends to accept Cromwell's terms of peace, but secretly and treacherously plots to raise a Catholic army against Parliament and start a second civil war. Clarendon reluctantly, but bravely, gives testimony at the King's trial which is instrumental in condemning him to death.
In the 2003 BBC TV miniseries Charles II: The Power and The Passion, Clarendon was played by actor Ian McDiarmid. The series portrayed Clarendon (referred to as 'Sir Edward Hyde' throughout) as acting in a paternalistic fashion towards Charles II, something the King comes to dislike. It is also intimated that he had arranged the marriage of Charles and Catherine of Braganza already knowing that she was infertile so that his granddaughters through his daughter Anne Hyde (who had married the future James II) would eventually inherit the throne of England.
In the 2004 film Stage Beauty, starring Billy Crudup and Claire Danes, Clarendon (again referred to simply as Edward Hyde) is played by Edward Fox.
[edit] Bibliography
"Hyde, Edward (1609-1674)". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900. Contains a list of Clarendon's works.- The history of Rebellion and Civil War in Ireland (1720)
- A Collection of several tracts of Edward, Earl of Clarendon, (1727)
- Religion and Policy, and the Countenance and Assistance each should give to the other, with a Survey of the Power and Jurisdiction of the Pope in the dominion of other Princes (Oxford 1811, 2 volumes)
- History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England: Begun in the Year 1641 by Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon (1717):
- Volume I, Part 1,
- Volume I, Part 2, new edition, 1807.
- Volume II, Part 1,
- Volume II, Part 2,
- Volume III, Part 1,
- Volume III, Part 2
- Essays, Moral and Entertaining by Clarendon (J. Sharpe, 1819)
- The Life of Edward Earl of Clarendon, Lord High Chancellor of England, and Chancellor of the University of Oxford Containing:
- I Life of Edward Earl of Clarendon: An Account of the Chancellor's Life from his Birth to the Restoration in 1660
- II Life of Edward Earl of Clarendon: A Continuation of the fame, and of his History of the Grand Rebellion, from the Restoration to his Banishment in 1667
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ Birth of the First Earl of Clarendon History Today]
- ^ Gillingham Grammar School, Dorset - An Historical Account" by A F H V Wagner, MA
- ^ Browne Willis, Notitia parliamentaria, or, An history of the counties, cities, and boroughs in England and Wales: ... The whole extracted from mss. and printed evidences 1750 pp229-239
- ^ The Correspondence of Henry Hyde, Earl of Clarendon, and of His Brother, Laurence Hyde, Earl of Rochester, Henry Colburn, London, 1828
- ^ Maclagan, Michael; Louda, Jiří (1999), Line of Succession: Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe, London: Little, Brown & Co, pp. 27, ISBN 0-85605-469-1
[edit] External links
- Works by Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon at Project Gutenberg
- Essays by Edward Hyde at Quotidiana.org
- Volume 2 of The Life of Edward Earl of Clarendon by Henry Craik from Project Gutenberg
- The Life of Edward, Earl of Clarendon, in which is included a Continuation of his History of the Grand Rebellion by Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon (Clarendon Press, 1827): Volume I, Volume II, Volume III
- Historical Enquiries Respecting the Character of Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon by George Agar-Ellis (1827)
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1893 text
On January 29th, 1658, Charles II. entrusted the Great Seal to Sir Edward Hyde, with the title of Lord Chancellor, and in that character Sir Edward accompanied the King to England.
Annotations
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Hyde was chairman of the Treasury Commission
per L&M -
Macaulay’s portrait of Clarendon
http://www.strecorsoc.org/macaulay/m02a.html#2a8
“At the Restoration Hyde became chief minister. In a few months it was announced that he was closely related by affinity to the royal house. His daughter had become, by a secret marriage, Duchess of York. His grandchildren might perhaps wear the crown. He was raised by this illustrious connection over the heads of the old nobility of the land, and was for a time supposed to be allpowerful. In some respects he was well fitted for his great place. No man wrote abler state papers. No man spoke with more weight and dignity in Council and in Parliament. No man was better acquainted with general maxims of statecraft. No man observed the varieties of character with a more discriminating eye. It must be added that he had a strong sense of moral and religious obligation, a sincere reverence for the laws of his country, and a conscientious regard for the honour and interest of the Crown. But his temper was sour, arrogant, and impatient of opposition. Above all, he bad been long an exile; and this circumstance alone would have completely disqualified him for the supreme direction of affairs. I” …
“To him England was still the England of his youth; and he sternly frowned down every theory and every practice which had sprung up during his own exile. Though he was far from meditating any attack on the ancient and undoubted power of the House of Commons, he saw with extreme uneasiness the growth of that power. The royal prerogative, for which he had long suffered, and by which he had at length been raised to wealth and dignity, was sacred in his eyes. The Roundheads he regarded both with political and with personal aversion. To the Anglican Church he had always been strongly attached, and had repeatedly, where her interests were concerned, separated himself with regret from his dearest friends. His zeal for Episcopacy and for the Book of Common Prayer was now more ardent than ever, and was mingled with a vindictive hatred of the Puritans, which did him little honour either as a statesman or as a Christian.”
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More on Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon
http://www.twickenham-museum.org.uk/detail.asp?ContentID=200
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Hyde and Catarina de Braganca.
According to Hilda Lewis in her biography of Catarina, Hyde seems to be the main person with whom Charles discusses the proposal of marriage. This proposal being put by the Portuguese Ambassador, Fransico de Mello, initially via Lord Manchester. This was probably during May 1661.
The value of the dowry was obviously hard to refuse, but Charles wanted to know what Catarina looked like, and was assured she was very good looking. His Ambassador to Spain, Bristol, came to him just before he was about to sign and begged him not to commit. He told Charles that she was ugly, deformed and sterile. This held back the signing while Hyde investigated and could not find any faults. Luis XIV wrote to Charles saying she was a princess of great beauty, and thereby approving of the marriage. Catarina’s mother hearing of the problem sent a “miniatura” [miniature portrait] of her daughter and by all acounts Charles was impressed. The contract was in the end signed on 23rd June 1661.
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Books about Clarendon.
A review of his autobiograhy and one of his biogrpahies have been added to the site at
http://www.pepysdiary.com/p/2433.php -
Grammont footnote on Hyde
Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon, “for his comprehensive knowledge of mankind, styled the chancellor of human nature. His character, at this distance of time, may, and ought to be impartially considered. His designing or blinded contemporaries heaped the most unjust abuse upon him. The subsequent age, when the partizans of prerogative were at least the loudest, if not the most numerous, smit with a work that deified their martyr, have been unbounded in their encomium.” — Catalogue of Noble Authors, vol. ii. p. 18. Lord Orford, who professes to steer a middle course, and separate his great virtues as a man from his faults as an historian, acknowledges that he possessed almost every virtue of a minister which could make his character venerable. He died in exile, in the year 1674.
http://www.pseudopodium.org/repress/grammont/notes02.html see note 43 -
Clarendon Rocks.
Trade needed good access to the sea and this required safe harbour entrances deep enough to allow larger and larger ships access. At Christchurch, for example, there were several attempts to manage the harbour mouth, the most notorious being the construction of the jetties through the spit. At the end of the seventeenth century, Andrew Yarranton, supported by Lord Clarendon, Lord of the Manor of Christchurch and Chancellor to Charles II, constructed a cut through Mudeford spit using ironstone boulders from nearby Hengistbury Head. Because he built the jetty on the downdrift side of the channel, the cut was constantly being blocked. Clarendon Rocks can be seen today and appear on many of the charts and maps of Christchurch.
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Clarendon on the Second Dutch War.
Clarendon was anti-war…
“A peace with Holland would disappoint the Spaniards expectation of a rupture between us, and likewise that of the seditious and discontented party at home; it would compose the minds of men who do still apprehend new troubles, revive the deadness of trade, and encourage foreign investment.”
(Felling, British Foreign Policy 1660-1672)
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Clarendon’s withdrawal and exile, from his entry in the original DNB —
By the advice of friends Clarendon wrote to the king protesting innocence of the crimes alleged in his impeachment. `I do upon my knees,’ he added, `beg your pardon for any overbold or saucy expressions I have ever used to you … a natural disease in old servants who have received too much countenance.’ He begged the king to put a stop to the prosecution, and to allow him to spend the small remainder of his life in some parts beyond seas #ib. p. 1181#. Charles read the letter, burnt it, and observed ‘that he wondered the chancellor did not withdraw himself.’ He was anxious that Clarendon should withdraw, but would neither command him to ‘go nor grant him a pass for fear of the commons. Indirectly, through the Duke of York and the Bishop of Hereford, he urged him to fly, and promised `that he should not be in any degree prosecuted, or suffer in his honour or fortune by his absence’ #ib. p. 1185#. Relying on this engagement, and alarmed by the rumours of a design to prorogue parliament and try him by a jury of peers, Clarendon left England on the night of 29 Nov., and reached Calais three days later. With Clarendon’s flight the dispute between the two houses came to an end. The lords accepted it as a confession of guilt, concurred with the commons in ordering his petition to be burnt, and passed an act for his banishment, by which his return was made high treason and his pardon impossible without the consent of both houses #19 Dec. 1667; Lister, ii. 415-44, iii. 472-77; Cont. pp. 1155-97 ; Carte, Ormonde, v. 58 ; Lords’ Journals, xii. 178; Commons’ Journals, ix. 40-3#.
The rest of Clarendon’s life was passed in exile. From Calais he went to Rouen #25 Dec.#, and then back to Calais #21 Jan. 1668#, intending by the advice of his friends to return to England and stand his trial. In April 1668 he made his way to the baths of Bourbon, and thence to Avignon #June 1668#. For nearly three years he lived at Montpelier #July 1668-June 1671#, removing to Moulins in June 1671, and finally to Rouen in May 1674 #Lister, ii. 478, 481, 487; Cont. p. 1238#. During the first part of his exile his hardships and sufferings were very great. At Calais he lay for three months dangerously ill. At Evreux, on 23 April 1668, a company of English sailors in French service, holding Clarendon the cause of the non-payment of their English arrears, broke into his lodgings, plundered his baggage, wounded several of his attendants, and assaulted him with great violence. One of them stunned him by a blow with the flat of a sword, and they were dragging him into the courtyard to despatch him, when he was rescued by the town guard #ib. pp. 1215, 1225#. In December 1667 Louis XIV, anxious to conciliate the English government, ordered Clarendon to leave France, and, in spite of his illness, repeated these orders with increasing harshness. After the conclusion of the Triple League had frustrated the hope of a close alliance with England, the French government became more hospitable, but Clarendon always lived in dread of fresh vexations #Cont. pp. 1202-1220, 1353#. The Archbishop of Avignon, the governor and magistrates of Montpelier, and the governor of Languedoc, treated him with great civility, and he was cheered by the constant friendship of the Abbé Montague and Lady Mordaunt. His son, Laurence, was twice allowed to visit him, and Lord Cornbury was with him when he died #Correspondence of Henry Hyde, Earl of Clarendon, ed. Singer, i. 645; Lister, iii. 488#.
To find occupation, and to divert his mind from his misfortunes, Clarendon ‘betook himself to his books,’ and studied the French and Italian languages. Never was his pen more active than during these last seven years of his life. His most important task was the completion and revision of his ’ History of the Rebellion ’ together with the composition of his autobiography. In June 1671, and again in August 1674, he petitioned for leave to return to England, and begged the queen and the Duke of York to intercede for him #Clarendon State Papers, iii. App. xliv, xlv#. These entreaties were unanswered, and he died at Rouen on 9 Dec. 1674 #Lister, ii. 488#. He was buried in Westminster Abbey on 4 Jan. 1675, at the foot of the steps ascending to Henry VII’s chapel, where his second wife had been interred on 17 Aug. 1667 #Chester, Westminster Abbey Register, pp. 167, 185#. His two sons, Henry, earl of Clarendon #1638-1709#, and Laurence, earl of Rochester #1642-1711#, and his daughter, Anne, duchess of York #1637-1671#, are separately noticed. A third son, Edward Hyde, baptised 1 April 1645, died on 10 Jan. 1665, and was also buried in Westminster Abbey #ib. p. 161#. Clarendon’s will is printed in Lister’s ’ Life of Clarendon ’ #ii. 489#.
As a statesman, Clarendon’s consistency and integrity were conspicuous through many vicissitudes and amid much corruption. He adhered faithfully to the principles he professed in 1641, but the circle of his ideas was fixed then, and it never widened afterwards. No man was fitter to guide a wavering master in constitutional ways, or to conduct a return to old laws and institutions; but he was incapable of dealing with the new forces and new conditions which twenty years of revolution had created.
Clarendon is remarkable as one of the first Englishmen who rose to office chiefly by his gifts as a writer and a speaker. Evelyn mentions his ’ eloquent tongue,’ and his ’ dexterous and happy pen.’ Some held that his literary style was not serious enough. Burnet finds a similar fault in his speaking. ‘He spoke well ; his style had no flow [flaw ?] in it, but had a just mixture of wit and sense, only he spoke too copiously; he had a great pleasantness in his spirit, which carried him sometimes too far into raillery, in which he showed more wit than discretion.’ Pepys admired his eloquence with less reserve. `I am mad in love with my lord chancellor, for he do comprehend and speak out well, and with the greatest ease and authority that ever I saw man in my life. … His manner and freedom of doing it as if he played with it, and was informing only all the rest of the company, was mighty pretty ’ #cf. Warwick, Memoirs, p. 195; Evelyn, ii. 296; Pepys, Diary, 13 Oct. 1666#.
http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Hyde,_Edward_(1609-1674)_(DNB00)
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Clarendon’s name lives on in the Oxford University Press imprint
In 1713, Delegate Henry Aldrich, Dean of Christ Church, oversaw the Press moving to the Clarendon Building. This was named in honour of Oxford University’s Chancellor, Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon. Oxford lore maintained its construction was funded by proceeds from his book *The History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England (1702–04). In fact, most of the money came from Oxford’s new bible printer John Baskett - and the Vice-Chancellor William Delaune defaulted with much of the proceeds from Clarendon’s work. In any event, the result was Nicholas Hawksmoor’s beautiful but impractical structure beside the Sheldonian in Broad Street. The Press worked here until 1830, with its operations split into the so-called Learned Side and Bible Side in different wings of the building. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press#18th_Century:_The_Clarendon_Building_.26_Blackstone
The Clarendon Building
References in the diary
- 1660
-
May: 17
Jun: 11, 25
Jul: 8, 13, 24
Aug: 20
Oct: 7, 22, 23, 24, 26
Nov: 6
Dec: 10, 16, 21
- 1661
-
Jan: 1, 2
Feb: 23
Apr: 14, 20, 23
Jun: 10
Jul: 27
Aug: 19
Nov: 8, 13, 28
- 1662
-
Jan: 22
Feb: 20
Mar: 21
Apr: 7, 20
May: 23
Jun: 27
Aug: 19, 20
Nov: 3
Dec: 23, 24, 31
- 1663
-
Jan: 19
Feb: 17, 21, 27
Apr: 29
May: 4, 15, 25, 31
Jun: 4
Jul: 3, 7, 10, 13, 14
Aug: 11
Sep: 5
Oct: 29
- 1664
-
Feb: 1, 22
Mar: 14, 17, 26
Jul: 14, 15, 18, 20, 21, 23
Aug: 1, 10
Nov: 9, 10, 11, 14, 22
Dec: 15
- 1665
-
Jan: 15
Feb: 20
Apr: 8, 10, 28
May: 18
Jun: 13, 14, 30
Jul: 5, 10
Oct: 5, 16, 25
Nov: 6, 27
- 1666
-
Jan: 6, 31
Feb: 12, 14, 19, 25
Apr: 1, 7
Jun: 21
Jul: 26
Aug: 10, 26
Oct: 5, 7, 13, 20, 21, 27
Nov: 19, 20
Dec: 10, 16
- 1667
-
Jan: 20, 25
Feb: 14, 17, 20
Mar: 3
Apr: 1, 5, 12, 22, 26, 29
May: 9, 14, 16, 19, 20
Jun: 13, 14, 24, 25, 28, 29
Jul: 12, 17, 22, 27, 29
Aug: 26, 27, 29, 30, 31
Sep: 1, 2, 3, 8, 11, 23
Oct: 8, 12, 13, 14, 16, 23, 25, 28, 29, 31
Nov: 4, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 21, 22, 27, 28, 30
Dec: 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 13, 19, 27, 30, 31
- 1668
-
Jan: 29
Feb: 5, 6
Apr: 6, 20
Jul: 6
Oct: 30
Nov: 4, 13
Dec: 7
- 1669
-
Jan: 16, 24