“Dog” comes from Old English docga, a rare word later used in Middle English to depict a specific, strong breed – the mastiff.
In Old English, hund was the general Germanic word until the term docga replaced it almost completely in the 16th century. Now, “hound” is semantically specialised and indicates a hunting dog. So far, nobody has been able to reconstruct the etymological root of docga, and no ancient English word appears to be related to it.
“Dog” is therefore a true lexicological mystery of the English vocabulary. Probably the breed it was originally indicating became popular enough to be identified with the notion of “dog” in itself, but this doesn’t explain the provenance of the word.
The same puzzling origins are shared by other zoological terms in the English lexicon, like “pig, "stag” and “hog”, which are all etymologically unclear. Interestingly, the widespread word for “dog” in Spanish, perro, is also completely obscure in its origins. https://theconversation.com/five-…
So, in 100 years, "docga" had become "dog" and hound had come to represent just hunting dogs. OR shorthand and Wheatley have chosen not to confuse us with Pepys' pronunciation of this word?
Who (or what) was, originally, a “boy”? No one knows.
In the 13th century, a boie was a servant, but already in that time the provenance of the word was obscure. A century later, the term started being used to indicate a male child.
The word doesn’t sound Germanic, but it’s not clear whether it was imported to England by the Normans either.
One interpretation traces back the term to an unattested vulgar Latin verb, *imboiare (in etymological notation, the asterisk indicates a word that has been reconstructed on the basis of the comparative method, rather than found in source material), possibly connected with the Latin boia, meaning yoke or collar, and with the concept of slavery.
Pepys clearly uses the term to indicate a young male servant in this, and most, cases in the Diary. But there are also times when he doesn't mean a servant. So I conclude the word had transformed in English by the 17th century.
"Many birds and other pretty noveltys there was, but I was afeard of being louzy, ..."
Some common words represent puzzles of the English language. "Bird" in this case may harken back to an older usage:
“Bird” sounds Germanic, but doesn’t have cognates in any other Germanic language. It can be found in Old English as a rare variant of bridd, indicating a “young bird”.
Old English speakers used fugel, as in “fowl”, as a standard term for bird. Up to the 15th century, “bird” was used not only to describe a young bird, but also a young animal in general – even a fish or a child. https://theconversation.com/five-…
The Commons discuss weightier matters that Mary, Lady Dacres' love life:
Pains and Penalties against Regicides. A Bill declaring the Pains, Penalties, and Forfeitures, to be imposed upon the Estates and Persons of certain notorious Offenders excepted out of the Act of free and general Pardon, Indemnity, and Oblivion, was this Day read the First and Second time.
Resolved, upon the Question, That the same be committed to Sir Heneag Finch, Mr. Mountague, ... And they are to meet To-morrow, at Two of the Clock in the Afternoon, in the Speaker's Chamber: And to send for Persons, Papers, and Records: And to take care for a Proviso, that may save unto the Lord Marquis of Winchester the Advantage of the Act, made on his Behalf, for Reparation of Thirteen thousand Pounds out of the Estate of Robert Wallop; and also for a Proviso, on the Behalf of the Lord Craven; and to provide for the Indemnifying the Executors of any of the said exempted Persons that are dead, for any just Payments of Monies by them made.
Executing Regicides. Ordered, That Mr. Solicitor General do bring in a Bill, To-morrow Morning, for Execution of the Persons, Prisoners in the Tower, condemned for the horrid Murder of his late Sacred Majesty King Charles the First.
Disbanding the Army, &c. Ordered, That the Committee for disbanding the Army and Navy, do make Report to this House, on Saturday Morning next.
William Staines to Sandwich Written from: Tetuan Date: 4 November 1661 Shelfmark: MS. Carte 73, fol(s). 602-603 Document type: Holograph
When the Admiral had left Tetuan the writer acquainted the Governor with the Admiral's message; and obtained from him a warrant for the free trading here of merchant ships.
Enters, at great length, into the details of his negotiations for satisfactory Articles of Peace.
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William Lever to Sandwich Written from: Malaga Date: 4 November 1661 Shelfmark: MS. Carte 73, fol(s). 604 Document type: Holograph
Reports that Vice-Adm. Sir John Lawson left him at Malaga with charge to make provision of various necessary stores for the service of the squadron.
Communicates various advices & passages of news received from England, and from Madrid; amongst them the encounter between the respective retinues of the French and Spanish Ambassadors to the Court of Whitehall, in a struggle for precedence, which he says cost the French 14 lives, and the Spaniard three ...
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Tetuan -- Tétouan, north-central Morocco. The city lies along the Martil River (Wadi Martil), 7 miles (11 km) from the Mediterranean Sea. In the 16th century Tétouan was populated by Moorish Andalusian refugees. Spanish troops captured it in 1860 ... https://www.britannica.com/place/…
George Palmer, John Love, and other English merchants, to Sandwich Written from: In Faro Date: 4 November 1661 Shelfmark: MS. Carte 73, fol(s). 600 Document type: Original
Hearing that "the Turks" are in strength, and infest all parts of the Mediterranean, entreat a convoy for their ships.
FROM: Carte Calendar Volume 32, June - December 1661 Bodleian Library, University of Oxford Edward Edwards, 2005 Shelfmark: MS. Carte Calendar 32 Extent: 464 pages https://wayback.archive-it.org/or…
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Faro is a municipality, the southernmost city and capital of the district of the same name, in the Algarve region of southern Portugal. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far…
John Rede, an English merchant at Lisbon, to Sandwich Written from: Lisbon Date: 13 November 1661 [N.S.] [3 November English style] Shelfmark: MS. Carte 73, fol(s). 598 Document type: Holograph
The English fleet has been long expected and much desired at Lisbon. A delay in filling up the regiments to be embarked is supposed to be the cause of the delay.
The Queen of England has been somewhat indisposed, having hurt her foot. The President of the Jesuit College (who taught her Majesty English) says of her that she hath so masculine a spirit, that he is sure no dangers or troubles incident to a Winter Voyage would delay her embarkation.
FROM: Carte Calendar Volume 32, June - December 1661 Bodleian Library, University of Oxford Edward Edwards, 2005 Shelfmark: MS. Carte Calendar 32 Extent: 464 pages https://wayback.archive-it.org/or…
Barckmann-Leyenbergh to Sandwich Written from: Stockholm Date: 29 October 1661 Shelfmark: MS. Carte 223, fol(s). 217-220 Document type: Holograph
The writer's letter of Sept 27 was sent under cover to Mr. Fleetwood, and was carried by him so far on its way to England, as to Hamburgh. There, Fleetwood determined [on advices from England] to return into Sweden. It is hoped the Earl will deign to accept the letter, after this long delay; and to permit another recital of later events in Sweden.
The visit of Queen Christina was received with every demonstration of joy and respect. There was, indeed, ignorance of its real object, and some natural suspicions, amongst the People, on account of the late Queen's unexpected change of religion; a change so repugnant to the glorious memory of her great father. But, eventually, people came to be assured that her chief object related to matters of revenue. At first, she made a very open display of her religion, but was ultimately persuaded to demolish certain obnoxious altars in the Palace, and to keep things more quiet. Now, there is even an anticipation that possibly she may be induced to prefer Sweden, to Rome, as her place of residence. French.
FROM: Carte Calendar Volume 32, June - December 1661 Bodleian Library, University of Oxford Edward Edwards, 2005 Shelfmark: MS. Carte Calendar 32 Extent: 464 pages https://wayback.archive-it.org/or…
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An ah-ha moment:
Could this be Johan Barckmann, cr. Baron Leijonbergh (Swed.) 1658 (1625-91) Career diplomat, he was in the Swedish embassy in London from 1653, becoming Commissary 1655, Resident 1661 ...???? https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl… Which would account for his knowing Sandwich and communicating in such a friendly manner.
Wiki tells us: "In April 1660 Christina was informed that Charles X Gustav had died in February. His son, Charles XI, was only 5 years old. That summer, she went to Sweden, pointing out that she had left the throne to her first cousin and his descendant, so if Charles XI died, she would take over the throne again. But as she was a Catholic that was impossible, and the clergy refused to let the priests in her entourage celebrate any Masses. "Christina left Stockholm and went to Norrköping. Eventually she submitted to a second renunciation of the throne, spending a year in Hamburg to get her finances in order on her way back to Rome. Already in 1654, she had left her income to the banker Diego Teixeira in return for him sending her a monthly allowance and covering her debts in Antwerp. She visited the Teixeira family at Jungfernstieg and entertained them in her own lodgings. "In the summer of 1662, she arrived in Rome for the third time, followed by some fairly happy years." https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
Sir Francis Bedingfield to Sandwich Written from: Puerto de Santa Maria Date: 25 October 1661 Shelfmark: MS. Carte 73, fol(s). 597 Document type: Holograph
Has executed Lord Sandwich's instructions, immediately on their receipt.
Begs the Earl to accept by the bearer of a "small regale of chocolate".
FROM: Carte Calendar Volume 32, June - December 1661 Bodleian Library, University of Oxford Edward Edwards, 2005 Shelfmark: MS. Carte Calendar 32 Extent: 464 pages https://wayback.archive-it.org/or…
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My guess is that Sir Francis Bedingfield is the "consul" to Cadiz, who lives -- at least part of the time -- at Puerto de Santa Maria. https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
His name doesn't come up on Google Search, but the Bedingfield family was affluent, large and well-connected. The National Archives at Kew says: Foreign Office and predecessors: Consulate, Seville, Spain: Miscellanea Search within or browse this series to find specific records of interest. Reference: FO 332 Title: Foreign Office and predecessors: Consulate, Seville, Spain: Miscellanea Description: This series contains miscellanea from the British consulate in Cadiz (moved to Seville in 1907), Spain. Includes a ledger, an entry book and a book of resolutions of the former British factory at Cadiz, 1623 to 1825 ...
Maybe someone else knows how to get a result from their Search function?
L&M Companion: Edward "Ned" Montagu (1635-65). Eldest son of the 2nd Baron Montagu of Boughton (d. 1684) and Sandwich's first cousin twice removed. M.P. for Sandwich from 1661, and Master of the Horse to Queen Mother Henrietta Maria. He acted as go-between when the royalist agent Whetstone first made contact with Adm. Montagu on the Baltic voyage in the summer of 1659, ...
Seeing this list covering only 9-1/2 years brings home how exposed they were to death and dying. Also, how detached from family and friends we have become -- by distance if not affection. Customs have changed in the USA: I am rarely invited to a funeral, but get frequent invites to Celebrations of Life months later when the bereaved have their acts somewhat together, and it's more like a wake. This gives people time to organize a visit, and the shock to subside.
"... and in spite too, ill people would breathe in the faces (out of their windows) of well people going by."
I thought people were mad doing this and refusing to wear masks, etc. during COVID. But it must be part of the human condution after all -- if I'm miserable, I'm going to make sure you are too. So sad.
John, Lord Crewe to Sandwich Date: 13 July 1661 Shelfmark: MS. Carte 73, fol(s). 543 Document type: Holograph. With seal of arms.
Sends his wishes for the ambassador's speedy and prosperous return.
Mentions the king's speech in Parliament on the passing of the two Acts of Oblivion and of Supply as having given much satisfaction.
Adds a few words on a family & personal bereavement. "He who gave hath …”
FROM: Carte Calendar Volume 32, June - December 1661 Bodleian Library, University of Oxford Edward Edwards, 2005 Shelfmark: MS. Carte Calendar 32 Extent: 464 pages https://wayback.archive-it.org/or…
Nestled along the Bay of Cádiz in Andalusia is a beautiful port town called El Puerto de Santa María. Its history dates back to the Roman period, and the town has always been of strategic importance due to its location and access to the Atlantic Ocean and Alboran Sea. It is a small town, with some unique things to see that’ll keep you busy. It's even home to some of the best beaches in southern Spain!
You may recognize the name from history as the port where Christopher Columbus set sail for the Americas with the ship named the Santa María.
Or perhaps you know it as one of the three corners of the Sherry Triangle, along with Jerez de la Frontera and Sanlúcar de Barrameda.
A 13th century castle, Castillo de San Marcos, is located in the heart of the town. Parts of the castle date back to the 1st century BC, when the Romans developed the area. Christopher Columbus stayed here while he was developing his expedition to the Americas.
The Palacio de Araníbar was built in the 17th century. The courtyard is stunning, and there are various rooms open to visitors as well. It’s one of the many free things to do in El Puerto de Santa María, and played a prominent role in the city’s history of trading with the Americas.
The Plaza Juan de la Cosa is a tiny plaza, worth noting as it’s named after an important figure in Spanish history: In 1500, Juan de la Cosa drew the earliest European world map in which the Americas were included in. He was also the owner of the Santa Maria, the ship used by Christopher Columbus on his second voyage to the Americas in 1493.
Christopher Columbus has his own plaza a few minutes walk from the castle. The plaza was a hub of activity due to its proximity to the city’s piers.
The Plaza de Toros is another tourist attraction in El Puerto de Santa María, and is one of the largest bullrings in Spain.
The Plaza de España in El Puerto is the historic center, and connects many of the main streets. The plaza was built in the 13th century by the Dukes of Medinaceli and has some important civil buildings around it. The most prominent is the 15th century Iglesia Mayor Prioral, which is free to enter when its doors are open. El Puerto is known for having many palaces, especially from the 17th century, and has given it the nickname “city of 100 palaces”. One of the most unique is the Casa Palacio de los Leones, which is now a hotel.
The Monasterio de la Victoria was built in the 16th century to serve as a convent, and from 1886 was used as a prison for almost 100 years.
A short drive from El Puerto de Santa María's center will bring you to Castillo de Doña Blanca, a 15th century tower situated in a strategic location overlooking the Bay of Cádiz. While there, you can also explore an 8th century BC Phoencian archaeological site.
William Blunden to Sandwich Written from: Alicante Date: 10 October 1661 Shelfmark: MS. Carte 73, fol(s). 596 Document type: Holograph
Sends various naval advices, of incidents in the Mediterranean and on its coasts ...
FROM: Carte Calendar Volume 32, June - December 1661 Bodleian Library, University of Oxford Edward Edwards, 2005 Shelfmark: MS. Carte Calendar 32 Extent: 464 pages https://wayback.archive-it.org/or…
Sir Richard Fanshawe, British Envoy at Lisbon, to Lord Sandwich Written from: Lisbon Date: [6 October 1661 N.S.] Shelfmark: MS. Carte 73, fol(s). 592 Document type: Holograph
Rejoices at the good news sent from Tangier [i.e. in his Lordship's letter written at sea, off Tangier] ... for "the surrender of the place ... is as much overvalued in caballs here, as undervalued in England."
Adds some advices with relation to the Algerines, &c. ...
[26 October/6 September [sic: the writer, in his haste, reversing his figures]
FROM: Carte Calendar Volume 32, June - December 1661 Bodleian Library, University of Oxford Edward Edwards, 2005 Shelfmark: MS. Carte Calendar 32 Extent: 464 pages https://wayback.archive-it.org/or…
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Sadly Sandwich's letter to Fanshaw is not included in the Carte files.
Col. Clanchy [?] [This name is doubtful. In Lord Sandwich's endorsement it appears to have been written "Clanche" (according to sound). Carte has written it "Blanche", which is clearly wrong. The Christian name seems to be "Lewis".] to Sandwich Written from: Lisbon Date: 4 October 1661 Shelfmark: MS. Carte 73, fol(s). 594-595 Document type: Holograph
The writer finds himself in a strange country, without friends or a farthing of money. Entreats Lord Sandwich to write, before he leaves for England, a line of recommendation for him to Sir Richard Fanshawe.
FROM: Carte Calendar Volume 32, June - December 1661 Bodleian Library, University of Oxford Edward Edwards, 2005 Shelfmark: MS. Carte Calendar 32 Extent: 464 pages https://wayback.archive-it.org/or…
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Col. Lewis Clanchy [?] -- who knows.
Sir Richard Fanshawe -- "He was employed in several important embassies in this reign; particularly in negotiating the marriage betwixt the king and the infanta, and putting the last hand to a peace betwixt the kingdoms of Spain and Portugal, which had been for 25 years engaged in a ruinous war. He was an exact critic in the Latin tongue, spoke the Spanish [and Portuguese] with ease and propriety, and perfectly understood the Italian. The politeness of his manners, and the integrity of his life, did not only procure him the love and esteem of his own countrymen, but gained him unusual favour and respect in Spain; among a people notorious for their disregard to strangers, and too apt to overlook all merit but their own. He died at Madrid, June 16, 1666. -- A Biographical History of England. J. Granger, 1779. One of my favorite Stuarts -- a man of integrity with a feisty wife ... https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
My guess is that Sandwich knew -- had possibly employed or fought with -- Col. Clanchy during the recent unpleasantness. Fanshaw is the Ambassador to Portugal, and unlikely to know this stranded young man who is footloose in Lisbon, outside the Palace gates. An introduction is requested. (Alternatively, a free ride home, please?)
A remedy to end all the discontents on either side Written from: Lisbon Date: 29 September 1661 Shelfmark: MS. Carte 73, fol(s). 590 Document type: Original. Placed in the hands of Lord Ambassador the Earl of Sandwich, 4 Oct. 1661
A remedy to end all the discontents on either side [i.e. in relation to matters of litigation upon consulate fees, and charges alleged to be payable thereout, then pending between Thomas Maynard, British* Consul at Lisbon, on the one part; and Edward Bushell, and others, English merchants trading with Portugal, on the other part.
FROM: Carte Calendar Volume 32, June - December 1661 Bodleian Library, University of Oxford Edward Edwards, 2005 Shelfmark: MS. Carte Calendar 32 Extent: 464 pages https://wayback.archive-it.org/or…
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Thomas Maynard, English* Consul at Lisbon - we heard about him at https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/… Thomas Maynard, a merchant from Devon, was appointed the first English* Consul to Portugal by Oliver Cromwell in 1656. He held the post until his death in Lisbon in 1692. A Protestant, he was briefly imprisoned during the Inquisition. https://www.geni.com/people/Thoma…
* There was no "Britain" yet -- knowing how much the Scots loved their Portuguese wines, I suspect they had their own consul.
Edward Bushell -- Edward Bushell, merchant, involved in a dispute about duties due the Portuguese. (L&M Index) Pepys will learn of Bushell and his dealings with Portugal in 1664. No need to go there yet as it tells us nothing about the man and his life, or this business.
Catalogue description: Folio 5: Consul Thomas Maynard to [Secretary Nicholas]. Great popularity of projected ... Ordering and viewing options: This record has not been digitised and cannot be downloaded.
You can order records in advance to be ready for you when you visit Kew. ... Book a visit: Request a copy Reference: SP 89/5/5
Description: Folio 5: Consul Thomas Maynard to [Secretary Nicholas]. Great popularity of projected marriage between Charles II and the Infanta, which alone has induced the common people to accept new and heavier taxes, while the nobility and gentry `have not paid a farthing'. Algiers Corsairs have taken Italian goods and passengers from English ship Raven, and unfavourable repercussions of this on English trade with Italy and Portugal. Spanish West-India Fleet separated, and Mexico Fleet expected at Cadiz. Spaniards intend to invade Portugal with two armies in April. Unwonted activity of English and Irish Jesuits and priests, and their nefarious designs against the Church of England. Request for appointment of a C. of E. chaplain at Lisbon. Encloses list of grievances of English merchants against Portuguese officials and the Inquisition [wanting].
Date and place: 1661 Feb 12/22 Lisbon. Held by: The National Archives, Kew Legal status: Public Record(s) Closure status: Open Document, Open Description https://discovery.nationalarchive…
Comments
Third Reading
About Sunday 15 January 1659/60
San Diego Sarah • Link
“Dog” comes from Old English docga, a rare word later used in Middle English to depict a specific, strong breed – the mastiff.
In Old English, hund was the general Germanic word until the term docga replaced it almost completely in the 16th century.
Now, “hound” is semantically specialised and indicates a hunting dog. So far, nobody has been able to reconstruct the etymological root of docga, and no ancient English word appears to be related to it.
“Dog” is therefore a true lexicological mystery of the English vocabulary. Probably the breed it was originally indicating became popular enough to be identified with the notion of “dog” in itself, but this doesn’t explain the provenance of the word.
The same puzzling origins are shared by other zoological terms in the English lexicon, like “pig, "stag” and “hog”, which are all etymologically unclear.
Interestingly, the widespread word for “dog” in Spanish, perro, is also completely obscure in its origins.
https://theconversation.com/five-…
So, in 100 years, "docga" had become "dog" and hound had come to represent just hunting dogs. OR shorthand and Wheatley have chosen not to confuse us with Pepys' pronunciation of this word?
About Saturday 17 March 1659/60
San Diego Sarah • Link
"my boy ..."
Who (or what) was, originally, a “boy”? No one knows.
In the 13th century, a boie was a servant, but already in that time the provenance of the word was obscure. A century later, the term started being used to indicate a male child.
The word doesn’t sound Germanic, but it’s not clear whether it was imported to England by the Normans either.
One interpretation traces back the term to an unattested vulgar Latin verb, *imboiare (in etymological notation, the asterisk indicates a word that has been reconstructed on the basis of the comparative method, rather than found in source material), possibly connected with the Latin boia, meaning yoke or collar, and with the concept of slavery.
https://theconversation.com/five-…
Pepys clearly uses the term to indicate a young male servant in this, and most, cases in the Diary. But there are also times when he doesn't mean a servant. So I conclude the word had transformed in English by the 17th century.
About Friday 30 May 1662
San Diego Sarah • Link
"Many birds and other pretty noveltys there was, but I was afeard of being louzy, ..."
Some common words represent puzzles of the English language. "Bird" in this case may harken back to an older usage:
“Bird” sounds Germanic, but doesn’t have cognates in any other Germanic language. It can be found in Old English as a rare variant of bridd, indicating a “young bird”.
Old English speakers used fugel, as in “fowl”, as a standard term for bird. Up to the 15th century, “bird” was used not only to describe a young bird, but also a young animal in general – even a fish or a child.
https://theconversation.com/five-…
OR Pepys had no idea where fleas like to live.
About Thursday 4 July 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
The Commons discuss weightier matters that Mary, Lady Dacres' love life:
Pains and Penalties against Regicides.
A Bill declaring the Pains, Penalties, and Forfeitures, to be imposed upon the Estates and Persons of certain notorious Offenders excepted out of the Act of free and general Pardon, Indemnity, and Oblivion, was this Day read the First and Second time.
Resolved, upon the Question, That the same be committed to Sir Heneag Finch, Mr. Mountague, ... And they are to meet To-morrow, at Two of the Clock in the Afternoon, in the Speaker's Chamber: And to send for Persons, Papers, and Records: And to take care for a Proviso, that may save unto the Lord Marquis of Winchester the Advantage of the Act, made on his Behalf, for Reparation of Thirteen thousand Pounds out of the Estate of Robert Wallop; and also for a Proviso, on the Behalf of the Lord Craven; and to provide for the Indemnifying the Executors of any of the said exempted Persons that are dead, for any just Payments of Monies by them made.
Executing Regicides.
Ordered, That Mr. Solicitor General do bring in a Bill, To-morrow Morning, for Execution of the Persons, Prisoners in the Tower, condemned for the horrid Murder of his late Sacred Majesty King Charles the First.
Disbanding the Army, &c.
Ordered, That the Committee for disbanding the Army and Navy, do make Report to this House, on Saturday Morning next.
About Monday 4 November 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
Also from the Carte Collection:
William Staines to Sandwich
Written from: Tetuan
Date: 4 November 1661
Shelfmark: MS. Carte 73, fol(s). 602-603
Document type: Holograph
When the Admiral had left Tetuan the writer acquainted the Governor with the Admiral's message; and obtained from him a warrant for the free trading here of merchant ships.
Enters, at great length, into the details of his negotiations for satisfactory Articles of Peace.
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William Lever to Sandwich
Written from: Malaga
Date: 4 November 1661
Shelfmark: MS. Carte 73, fol(s). 604
Document type: Holograph
Reports that Vice-Adm. Sir John Lawson left him at Malaga with charge to make provision of various necessary stores for the service of the squadron.
Communicates various advices & passages of news received from England, and from Madrid; amongst them the encounter between the respective retinues of the French and Spanish Ambassadors to the Court of Whitehall, in a struggle for precedence, which he says cost the French 14 lives, and the Spaniard three ...
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Tetuan -- Tétouan, north-central Morocco. The city lies along the Martil River (Wadi Martil), 7 miles (11 km) from the Mediterranean Sea. In the 16th century Tétouan was populated by Moorish Andalusian refugees. Spanish troops captured it in 1860 ... https://www.britannica.com/place/…
Malaga -- https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
Admiral Sir John Lawson - https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
No info on William Staines or William Lever sadly.
About Monday 4 November 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
George Palmer, John Love, and other English merchants, to Sandwich
Written from: In Faro
Date: 4 November 1661
Shelfmark: MS. Carte 73, fol(s). 600
Document type: Original
Hearing that "the Turks" are in strength, and infest all parts of the Mediterranean, entreat a convoy for their ships.
FROM:
Carte Calendar Volume 32, June - December 1661
Bodleian Library, University of Oxford
Edward Edwards, 2005
Shelfmark: MS. Carte Calendar 32
Extent: 464 pages
https://wayback.archive-it.org/or…
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Faro is a municipality, the southernmost city and capital of the district of the same name, in the Algarve region of southern Portugal.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far…
This map suggests Faro has a sheltered harbor.
https://mapcarta.com/Faro
Ir was normal for the Navy to provide escort ships for fleets of merchantmen.
About Sunday 3 November 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
John Rede, an English merchant at Lisbon, to Sandwich
Written from: Lisbon
Date: 13 November 1661 [N.S.] [3 November English style]
Shelfmark: MS. Carte 73, fol(s). 598
Document type: Holograph
The English fleet has been long expected and much desired at Lisbon. A delay in filling up the regiments to be embarked is supposed to be the cause of the delay.
The Queen of England has been somewhat indisposed, having hurt her foot. The President of the Jesuit College (who taught her Majesty English) says of her that she hath so masculine a spirit, that he is sure no dangers or troubles incident to a Winter Voyage would delay her embarkation.
FROM:
Carte Calendar Volume 32, June - December 1661
Bodleian Library, University of Oxford
Edward Edwards, 2005
Shelfmark: MS. Carte Calendar 32
Extent: 464 pages
https://wayback.archive-it.org/or…
@@@
Lisbon - https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
About Tuesday 29 October 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
Barckmann-Leyenbergh to Sandwich
Written from: Stockholm
Date: 29 October 1661
Shelfmark: MS. Carte 223, fol(s). 217-220
Document type: Holograph
The writer's letter of Sept 27 was sent under cover to Mr. Fleetwood, and was carried by him so far on its way to England, as to Hamburgh. There, Fleetwood determined [on advices from England] to return into Sweden. It is hoped the Earl will deign to accept the letter, after this long delay; and to permit another recital of later events in Sweden.
The visit of Queen Christina was received with every demonstration of joy and respect. There was, indeed, ignorance of its real object, and some natural suspicions, amongst the People, on account of the late Queen's unexpected change of religion; a change so repugnant to the glorious memory of her great father. But, eventually, people came to be assured that her chief object related to matters of revenue. At first, she made a very open display of her religion, but was ultimately persuaded to demolish certain obnoxious altars in the Palace, and to keep things more quiet. Now, there is even an anticipation that possibly she may be induced to prefer Sweden, to Rome, as her place of residence.
French.
FROM:
Carte Calendar Volume 32, June - December 1661
Bodleian Library, University of Oxford
Edward Edwards, 2005
Shelfmark: MS. Carte Calendar 32
Extent: 464 pages
https://wayback.archive-it.org/or…
@@@
An ah-ha moment:
Could this be Johan Barckmann, cr. Baron Leijonbergh (Swed.) 1658
(1625-91) Career diplomat, he was in the Swedish embassy in London from 1653, becoming Commissary 1655, Resident 1661 ...????
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
Which would account for his knowing Sandwich and communicating in such a friendly manner.
Wiki tells us:
"In April 1660 Christina was informed that Charles X Gustav had died in February. His son, Charles XI, was only 5 years old. That summer, she went to Sweden, pointing out that she had left the throne to her first cousin and his descendant, so if Charles XI died, she would take over the throne again. But as she was a Catholic that was impossible, and the clergy refused to let the priests in her entourage celebrate any Masses.
"Christina left Stockholm and went to Norrköping. Eventually she submitted to a second renunciation of the throne, spending a year in Hamburg to get her finances in order on her way back to Rome. Already in 1654, she had left her income to the banker Diego Teixeira in return for him sending her a monthly allowance and covering her debts in Antwerp. She visited the Teixeira family at Jungfernstieg and entertained them in her own lodgings.
"In the summer of 1662, she arrived in Rome for the third time, followed by some fairly happy years."
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
About Friday 25 October 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
Sir Francis Bedingfield to Sandwich
Written from: Puerto de Santa Maria
Date: 25 October 1661
Shelfmark: MS. Carte 73, fol(s). 597
Document type: Holograph
Has executed Lord Sandwich's instructions, immediately on their receipt.
Begs the Earl to accept by the bearer of a "small regale of chocolate".
FROM:
Carte Calendar Volume 32, June - December 1661
Bodleian Library, University of Oxford
Edward Edwards, 2005
Shelfmark: MS. Carte Calendar 32
Extent: 464 pages
https://wayback.archive-it.org/or…
@@@
My guess is that Sir Francis Bedingfield is the "consul" to Cadiz, who lives -- at least part of the time -- at Puerto de Santa Maria.
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
His name doesn't come up on Google Search, but the Bedingfield family was affluent, large and well-connected.
The National Archives at Kew says:
Foreign Office and predecessors: Consulate, Seville, Spain: Miscellanea
Search within or browse this series to find specific records of interest.
Reference: FO 332
Title: Foreign Office and predecessors: Consulate, Seville, Spain: Miscellanea
Description:
This series contains miscellanea from the British consulate in Cadiz (moved to Seville in 1907), Spain. Includes a ledger, an entry book and a book of resolutions of the former British factory at Cadiz, 1623 to 1825 ...
Maybe someone else knows how to get a result from their Search function?
And I'm sure Sandwich appreciated his chocolate.
About Baltic ("The Sound")
San Diego Sarah • Link
L&M Companion: Edward "Ned" Montagu (1635-65). Eldest son of the 2nd Baron Montagu of Boughton (d. 1684) and Sandwich's first cousin twice removed. M.P. for Sandwich from 1661, and Master of the Horse to Queen Mother Henrietta Maria.
He acted as go-between when the royalist agent Whetstone first made contact with Adm. Montagu on the Baltic voyage in the summer of 1659, ...
About Funerals
San Diego Sarah • Link
Often I note that Pepys refers to funerals as burials. Burials are not linked here.
They include:
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/… - aunt Fenner
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/… - Teddiman
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/… - Batten
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/… - Viner kinsman
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/… - Mary Pepys
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/… - Thomas Viner
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/… - Tom Pepys
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/… - young Cumberland
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/… - cousin Scott's child
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/… - uncle Fenner
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/… - James Temple
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/… - a young bookseller
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/… - Capt. Robert Blake
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/… - burial prep - dead person unidentified.
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/… - Griffin's child
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/… - plague burials
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/… - she-cousin Scott
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/… - Lawson daughter
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/… - Anthony Joyce
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/… - aunt Kite
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/… - Edward Pepys
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/… - Mr. Russell
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/… - Tom Whitton
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/… - Robert Blake
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/… - Capt. Grove's wife
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/… - plague fatigue
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/… - plague mourning
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/… - Joyce boy
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/… - Col. Middleton's wife
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/… - Sir William Davenant
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/… - Elizabeth Dickons "Morena"
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/… - lengthy annotation by Wheatley on plague deaths and Bills of Mortality
Seeing this list covering only 9-1/2 years brings home how exposed they were to death and dying. Also, how detached from family and friends we have become -- by distance if not affection.
Customs have changed in the USA: I am rarely invited to a funeral, but get frequent invites to Celebrations of Life months later when the bereaved have their acts somewhat together, and it's more like a wake. This gives people time to organize a visit, and the shock to subside.
About Monday 12 February 1665/66
San Diego Sarah • Link
"... and in spite too, ill people would breathe in the faces (out of their windows) of well people going by."
I thought people were mad doing this and refusing to wear masks, etc. during COVID. But it must be part of the human condution after all -- if I'm miserable, I'm going to make sure you are too. So sad.
About Wednesday 3 July 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
"Anybody any ideas on contemporary funeral habits?"
Yes, we have started collecting information at
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
About 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th, 13th July 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
John, Lord Crewe to Sandwich
Date: 13 July 1661
Shelfmark: MS. Carte 73, fol(s). 543
Document type: Holograph. With seal of arms.
Sends his wishes for the ambassador's speedy and prosperous return.
Mentions the king's speech in Parliament on the passing of the two Acts of Oblivion and of Supply as having given much satisfaction.
Adds a few words on a family & personal bereavement. "He who gave hath …”
FROM:
Carte Calendar Volume 32, June - December 1661
Bodleian Library, University of Oxford
Edward Edwards, 2005
Shelfmark: MS. Carte Calendar 32
Extent: 464 pages
https://wayback.archive-it.org/or…
@@@
Rev. Samuel Crew died July 2 of the spotted fever – Lord Crew's son and Lady Sandwich’s brother: https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
Sir John Crew - https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
About Cadiz
San Diego Sarah • Link
Nestled along the Bay of Cádiz in Andalusia is a beautiful port town called El Puerto de Santa María.
Its history dates back to the Roman period, and the town has always been of strategic importance due to its location and access to the Atlantic Ocean and Alboran Sea.
It is a small town, with some unique things to see that’ll keep you busy. It's even home to some of the best beaches in southern Spain!
You may recognize the name from history as the port where Christopher Columbus set sail for the Americas with the ship named the Santa María.
Or perhaps you know it as one of the three corners of the Sherry Triangle, along with Jerez de la Frontera and Sanlúcar de Barrameda.
A 13th century castle, Castillo de San Marcos, is located in the heart of the town. Parts of the castle date back to the 1st century BC, when the Romans developed the area. Christopher Columbus stayed here while he was developing his expedition to the Americas.
The Palacio de Araníbar was built in the 17th century. The courtyard is stunning, and there are various rooms open to visitors as well. It’s one of the many free things to do in El Puerto de Santa María, and played a prominent role in the city’s history of trading with the Americas.
The Plaza Juan de la Cosa is a tiny plaza, worth noting as it’s named after an important figure in Spanish history: In 1500, Juan de la Cosa drew the earliest European world map in which the Americas were included in. He was also the owner of the Santa Maria, the ship used by Christopher Columbus on his second voyage to the Americas in 1493.
Christopher Columbus has his own plaza a few minutes walk from the castle. The plaza was a hub of activity due to its proximity to the city’s piers.
The Plaza de Toros is another tourist attraction in El Puerto de Santa María, and is one of the largest bullrings in Spain.
The Plaza de España in El Puerto is the historic center, and connects many of the main streets. The plaza was built in the 13th century by the Dukes of Medinaceli and has some important civil buildings around it. The most prominent is the 15th century Iglesia Mayor Prioral, which is free to enter when its doors are open.
El Puerto is known for having many palaces, especially from the 17th century, and has given it the nickname “city of 100 palaces”. One of the most unique is the Casa Palacio de los Leones, which is now a hotel.
The Monasterio de la Victoria was built in the 16th century to serve as a convent, and from 1886 was used as a prison for almost 100 years.
A short drive from El Puerto de Santa María's center will bring you to Castillo de Doña Blanca, a 15th century tower situated in a strategic location overlooking the Bay of Cádiz. While there, you can also explore an 8th century BC Phoencian archaeological site.
More, plus pictures, at
https://www.kristatheexplorer.com…
About Thursday 10 October 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
William Blunden to Sandwich
Written from: Alicante
Date: 10 October 1661
Shelfmark: MS. Carte 73, fol(s). 596
Document type: Holograph
Sends various naval advices, of incidents in the Mediterranean and on its coasts ...
FROM:
Carte Calendar Volume 32, June - December 1661
Bodleian Library, University of Oxford
Edward Edwards, 2005
Shelfmark: MS. Carte Calendar 32
Extent: 464 pages
https://wayback.archive-it.org/or…
@@@
William Blunden -- the English Consul to Alicante
Alicante -- https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
About Sunday 6 October 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
Sir Richard Fanshawe, British Envoy at Lisbon, to Lord Sandwich
Written from: Lisbon
Date: [6 October 1661 N.S.]
Shelfmark: MS. Carte 73, fol(s). 592
Document type: Holograph
Rejoices at the good news sent from Tangier [i.e. in his Lordship's letter written at sea, off Tangier] ... for "the surrender of the place ... is as much overvalued in caballs here, as undervalued in England."
Adds some advices with relation to the Algerines, &c. ...
[26 October/6 September [sic: the writer, in his haste, reversing his figures]
FROM:
Carte Calendar Volume 32, June - December 1661
Bodleian Library, University of Oxford
Edward Edwards, 2005
Shelfmark: MS. Carte Calendar 32
Extent: 464 pages
https://wayback.archive-it.org/or…
@@@
Sadly Sandwich's letter to Fanshaw is not included in the Carte files.
Amb. Sir Richard Fanshaw - https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
About Friday 4 October 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
Col. Clanchy [?] [This name is doubtful. In Lord Sandwich's endorsement it appears to have been written "Clanche" (according to sound). Carte has written it "Blanche", which is clearly wrong. The Christian name seems to be "Lewis".] to Sandwich
Written from: Lisbon
Date: 4 October 1661
Shelfmark: MS. Carte 73, fol(s). 594-595
Document type: Holograph
The writer finds himself in a strange country, without friends or a farthing of money. Entreats Lord Sandwich to write, before he leaves for England, a line of recommendation for him to Sir Richard Fanshawe.
FROM:
Carte Calendar Volume 32, June - December 1661
Bodleian Library, University of Oxford
Edward Edwards, 2005
Shelfmark: MS. Carte Calendar 32
Extent: 464 pages
https://wayback.archive-it.org/or…
@@@
Col. Lewis Clanchy [?] -- who knows.
Sir Richard Fanshawe -- "He was employed in several important embassies in this reign; particularly in negotiating the marriage betwixt the king and the infanta, and putting the last hand to a peace betwixt the kingdoms of Spain and Portugal, which had been for 25 years engaged in a ruinous war. He was an exact critic in the Latin tongue, spoke the Spanish [and Portuguese] with ease and propriety, and perfectly understood the Italian. The politeness of his manners, and the integrity of his life, did not only procure him the love and esteem of his own countrymen, but gained him unusual favour and respect in Spain; among a people notorious for their disregard to strangers, and too apt to overlook all merit but their own. He died at Madrid, June 16, 1666. -- A Biographical History of England. J. Granger, 1779.
One of my favorite Stuarts -- a man of integrity with a feisty wife ... https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
My guess is that Sandwich knew -- had possibly employed or fought with -- Col. Clanchy during the recent unpleasantness. Fanshaw is the Ambassador to Portugal, and unlikely to know this stranded young man who is footloose in Lisbon, outside the Palace gates. An introduction is requested. (Alternatively, a free ride home, please?)
About Sunday 29 September 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
A remedy to end all the discontents on either side
Written from: Lisbon
Date: 29 September 1661
Shelfmark: MS. Carte 73, fol(s). 590
Document type: Original. Placed in the hands of Lord Ambassador the Earl of Sandwich, 4 Oct. 1661
A remedy to end all the discontents on either side [i.e. in relation to matters of litigation upon consulate fees, and charges alleged to be payable thereout, then pending between Thomas Maynard, British* Consul at Lisbon, on the one part; and Edward Bushell, and others, English merchants trading with Portugal, on the other part.
FROM:
Carte Calendar Volume 32, June - December 1661
Bodleian Library, University of Oxford
Edward Edwards, 2005
Shelfmark: MS. Carte Calendar 32
Extent: 464 pages
https://wayback.archive-it.org/or…
@@@
Thomas Maynard, English* Consul at Lisbon -
we heard about him at
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/…
Thomas Maynard, a merchant from Devon, was appointed the first English* Consul to Portugal by Oliver Cromwell in 1656. He held the post until his death in Lisbon in 1692. A Protestant, he was briefly imprisoned during the Inquisition.
https://www.geni.com/people/Thoma…
* There was no "Britain" yet -- knowing how much the Scots loved their Portuguese wines, I suspect they had their own consul.
Edward Bushell -- Edward Bushell, merchant, involved in a dispute about duties due the Portuguese. (L&M Index)
Pepys will learn of Bushell and his dealings with Portugal in 1664. No need to go there yet as it tells us nothing about the man and his life, or this business.
About Tuesday 12 February 1660/61
San Diego Sarah • Link
Catalogue description:
Folio 5: Consul Thomas Maynard to [Secretary Nicholas]. Great popularity of projected ...
Ordering and viewing options: This record has not been digitised and cannot be downloaded.
You can order records in advance to be ready for you when you visit Kew. ...
Book a visit: Request a copy
Reference: SP 89/5/5
Description:
Folio 5: Consul Thomas Maynard to [Secretary Nicholas].
Great popularity of projected marriage between Charles II and the Infanta, which alone has induced the common people to accept new and heavier taxes, while the nobility and gentry `have not paid a farthing'.
Algiers Corsairs have taken Italian goods and passengers from English ship Raven, and unfavourable repercussions of this on English trade with Italy and Portugal.
Spanish West-India Fleet separated, and Mexico Fleet expected at Cadiz.
Spaniards intend to invade Portugal with two armies in April.
Unwonted activity of English and Irish Jesuits and priests, and their nefarious designs against the Church of England.
Request for appointment of a C. of E. chaplain at Lisbon.
Encloses list of grievances of English merchants against Portuguese officials and the Inquisition [wanting].
Date and place: 1661 Feb 12/22 Lisbon.
Held by: The National Archives, Kew
Legal status: Public Record(s)
Closure status: Open Document, Open Description
https://discovery.nationalarchive…