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The Earl of Nottingham
The Earl of Nottingham by Sir Godfrey Kneller, Bt, c. 1680
Lord Chancellor
In office
1675–1682
Preceded byThe Earl of Shaftesbury
Succeeded bySir Francis North
Lord Keeper
In office
1673–1675
Preceded byThe Earl of Shaftesbury
Succeeded bySir Francis North
Attorney General
In office
1670–1673
Preceded bySir Geoffrey Palmer, Bt
Succeeded bySir Francis North
Solicitor General
In office
1660–1670
Preceded byWilliam Ellis
Succeeded bySir Edward Turnour
Member of Parliament for Oxford University
In office
1661–1674
Serving with Laurence Hyde
Preceded byThomas Clayton
John Mylles
Succeeded byLaurence Hyde
Thomas Thynne
Member of Parliament for Canterbury
In office
1660–1660
Serving with Sir Anthony Aucher
Preceded bySir Edward Master
John Nutt
Succeeded byFrancis Lovelace
Sir Edward Master
Personal details
Born
Heneage Finch

(1620-12-23)23 December 1620
Eastwell, Kent
Died18 December 1682(1682-12-18) (aged 61)
Great Queen Street, London
Spouse
Elizabeth Harvey
(after 1646)​
Parent(s)Sir Heneage Finch
Frances Bell Finch
EducationWestminster School
Alma materChrist Church, Oxford

Heneage Finch, 1st Earl of Nottingham, PC (23 December 1620 – 18 December 1682), Lord Chancellor of England, was descended from the old family of Finch, many of whose members had attained high legal eminence, and was the eldest son of Sir Heneage Finch, Recorder of London, by his first wife Frances Bell, daughter of Sir Edmond Bell of Beaupre Hall, Norfolk.[1]

Early career

In the register of Oxford University, he is entered as born in Kent, and probably at the Finch ancestral seat Eastwell Park in that county. He was the son of Sir Heneage Finch, younger son of Sir Moyle Finch, 1st Baronet and Elizabeth Finch, 1st Countess of Winchilsea (née Heneage).

He was educated at Westminster and at Christ Church, Oxford, where he remained until he became a member of the Inner Temple in 1638. He was called to the bar in 1645, and soon obtained a lucrative practice.[1]

Career

In April 1660, he was elected Member of Parliament for Canterbury and Mitchell in the Convention Parliament and chose to sit for Canterbury.[2] Shortly afterwards he was appointed Solicitor General, in which capacity he served as the prosecutor of the regicides of Charles I, and was created a baronet the day after he was knighted. In May 1661 he was elected MP for Oxford University in the Cavalier Parliament.[2] In 1665 the university created him a D.C.L. In 1670 he became Attorney General, and in 1675 Lord Chancellor. He was created Baron Finch in January 1673 and Earl of Nottingham in May 1681.[3]

Popish Plot

During the Popish Plot, he played an active part in the interrogation of witnesses and preparation of the Crown's evidence. He is said to have been sceptical about the credibility of much of the evidence, and drew up a private report referring to the difficulties with Titus Oates' testimony.[4] In general he behaved with moderation and restraint during the Plot, as shown most notably in his impartial conduct, as Lord High Steward, of the trial of William Howard, 1st Viscount Stafford, (apart from a curious remark that it was now clear that the Great Fire of London was a Catholic conspiracy).[5] Kenyon notes that during the examination of the informer Miles Prance, Finch threatened him with the rack,[6] but such a lapse was most uncharacteristic of Finch, who was a humane and civilised man; in any case, the threat could hardly have been serious since the use of the rack had been declared illegal in 1628.

Finch and Nottingham House, now Kensington Palace

The original early 17th-century building was constructed in the village of Kensington as Nottingham House for the Earl of Nottingham. It was acquired from his heir, who was Secretary of State to William III, in 1689, because the King wanted a residence near London but away from the smoky air of the capital, because he was asthmatic. At that time Kensington was a suburban village location outside London, but more accessible than Hampton Court, a water journey on the Thames. A private road was laid out from the Palace to Hyde Park Corner, broad enough for several carriages to travel abreast, part of which survives today as Rotten Row. The Palace was improved and extended by Sir Christopher Wren with pavilions attached to each corner of the central block, for it now needed paired Royal Apartments approached by the Great Stairs, a council chamber, and the Chapel Royal. Then, when Wren re-oriented the house to face west, he built north and south wings to flank the approach, made into a proper cour d'honneur that was entered through an archway surmounted by a clock tower. Nevertheless, as a private domestic retreat, it was referred to as Kensington House, rather than "Palace". The walled kitchen gardens at Kensington House supplied fruits and vegetables for the Court of St. James's.[7]

Personal life

On 30 July 1646, he was married to Elizabeth Harvey, daughter of William Harvey's younger brother Daniel, and his wife Elizabeth Kinnersley.[8] Together, Elizabeth and Heneage were the parents of six children, including:[9]

Lord Nottingham died in Great Queen Street, London on 18 December 1682. He was buried in the church of Ravenstone in Buckinghamshire. His son Daniel inherited his earldom, and would later also inherit the Earldom of Winchilsea.[10]

Character

According to the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, his contemporaries on both sides of politics agree in their high estimate of his integrity, moderation and eloquence, while his abilities as a lawyer are sufficiently attested by the fact that he is still spoken of as the father of equity. His most important contribution to the statute book is The Statute of Frauds. While attorney-general he superintended the edition of Sir Henry Hobart's Reports (1671). He also published Several Speeches and Discourses in the Tryal of the Judges of King Charles 1. (1660); Speeches to both Houses of Parliament (1679); Speech at the Sentence of Viscount Stafford (1680). He left Chancery Reports in MS., and notes on Coke's Institutes.[13]

References

  1. ^ a b Chisholm 1911, p. 824.
  2. ^ a b History of Parliament Online - Finch, Heneage
  3. ^ Chisholm 1911, pp. 824–825.
  4. ^ Kenyon, J.P. The Popish Plot Phoenix Press Reissue 2000 p. 86
  5. ^ Kenyon p. 232
  6. ^ Kenyon p. 153
  7. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Kensington" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 733.
  8. ^ a b c d Power, D’Arcy: "William Harvey", Longmans Green & Co., New York, 1898, Page 7.
  9. ^ "Nottingham, Earl of (E, 1681)". cracroftspeerage.co.uk. Heraldic Media Limited. Retrieved 30 January 2020.
  10. ^ a b "Winchilsea, Earl of (E, 1628)". cracroftspeerage.co.uk. Heraldic Media Limited. Retrieved 30 January 2020.
  11. ^ "Aylesford, Earl of (GB, 1714)". cracroftspeerage.co.uk. Heraldic Media Limited. Retrieved 30 January 2020.
  12. ^ 'Faber-Flood', in Alumni Oxonienses 1500-1714, ed. Joseph Foster (Oxford, 1891), pp. 480-509. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/alumni-oxon/1500-1714/pp480-509 [accessed 25 October 2022].
  13. ^ Chisholm 1911, p. 825.

4 Annotations

First Reading

Paul Brewster  •  Link

"Finch, Sir Heneage, cr Baron Finch 1674, Earl of Nottingham 1681 (1621-82). Of Ravenstone, Bucks.; a cousin of the "Sir Heneage Finch, 2nd Earl of Winchilsea (1628-89). A distinguished constitutional lawyer and judge: Solicitor-General 1660-1670, Attorney General 1670-3; Lord Keeper 1673-5; Lord Chancellor 1675-82. He was M.P. for Canterbury in 1660, and for Oxford University 1661-73, and served on the Admiralty Commission 1674-9. He held strong Anglican and conservative views, but was respected on all sides for his ability, eloquence and probity."
Per L&M Companion

Contrast with his cousin: http://www.pepysdiary.com/encyclo…

Paul Brewster  •  Link

Wheatley adds the following in a footnote: "Heneage Finch, son of Sir Heneage Finch, Recorder of London [That's three Sir Heanage Finch's if you're keeping score] was born December 23rd, 1621. He was called to the bar in 1645, and soon obtained considerable fame as a counsel. He was styled 'the silver-tongued lawyer', 'the English Cicero', and 'the English Roscius'.

Second Reading

Bill  •  Link

FINCH, HENEAGE, first Earl Of Nottingham (1621-1682), lord chancellor: eldest son of Sir Heneage Finch; distinguished at the Inner Temple for his knowledge of municipal law; became at the Restoration M.P. for Canterbury and solicitor-general; created baronet, 1660; M.P. for Oxford University, 1661; appointed attorney-general, 1670; lord keeper of the seals, 1673; Baron Finch and lord chancellor, 1674; and Earl of Nottingham, 1681; a zealous and able supporter of policy of court, but independent as judge; the Amri of 'Absalom and Achitophel.'
---Dictionary of National Biography: Index and Epitome. S. Lee, 1906.

San Diego Sarah  •  Link

A Heneage Finch was one of 22 Fire Court judges, responsible for sorting out the legal entanglements for the rebuilding of London. As you can see from the above, he was the Solicitor General at the time, and therefore a likely candidate, but there were at least 3 men of this name.

The Fire Court process lasted 10 years, and the judges -- to their great credit -- refused all fees. Because of their work, London was largely rebuilt in that time. For more info., see
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/… for the Fire Courts, and his Parliamentary bio at
https://www.historyofparliamenton…

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References

Chart showing the number of references in each month of the diary’s entries.

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1669