Now I remember: Lord Annesly [Anglesey] became the Treasurer of the Navy yesterday, and the new guy's name was [Sir] T. Harvy. I rest my case. No way Pepys could responsibly go to Epsom in what were still chaotic times.
Pepys can't take Elizabeth to Epsom: He IS the Navy right now.
The Duke of York and Coventry are out of town (plus Coventry isn't involved in the Navy any more). Brouncker is in Rochester, driving around in a coach. Mennes is ill, and Batten and Penn have been sick recently and appear not to have been in the office today. Pett is in the Tower. Who else was there? Oh, the new guy who's name I can't remember -- he's not ready for prime time alone.
"At least, for my own particular, we shall continue well till I can get my money into my hands, and then I will shift for myself."
This appears to be a plan Pepys has for his future.
I thought he was possibly the only person in London who had consolidated his investments before the start of this year's hostilities (and before he sent some of it to Brampton). This sounds like there is more out there to be harvested. The "and then I will shift for myself" sounds like he wants to quit as CoA.
"This afternoon I met with Mr. Rolt, who tells me that he is going Cornett under Collonel Ingoldsby, being his old acquaintance, and Ingoldsby hath a troop now from under the King, and I think it is a handsome way for him ..."
I recall all those warrants sent out by Charles the day the Dutch began the attack on the Medway. Obviously I was optimistic about how long it would take new colonels to respond with troops. How fortunate they were that the Dutch (and French) did not bring an army ... they would have been half way to York by now.
"and that there are regiments ordered to be got together, whereof to be commanders my Lord Fairfax, Ingoldsby, Bethell, Norton, and Birch, and other Presbyterians"
L&M: On 13 June, 1667 some colonelcies were granted to 'Presbyterians' and ex-parliamentarians such as Fairfax, Manchester and Norton. CSPD 1667, pp. 179, 181, 182, 199. For other forms of the rumor, see newsletter (15 June): ib., p. 189. https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/… June 13 to July 6, and the troops are not underway yet.
I have add a clarification annotation to Christopher's encyclopedia entry. This is OUR blog, so feel free to make corrections yourself when you spot something.
Our hero behind the scenes making all this work -- free of charge! -- is Phil Gyford. It's worth reading https://www.pepysdiary.com/about/ etc.
Before and after the Norman Conquest, Gillingham was a possession of the Archbishop of Canterbury. During the 12th Century, the Archbishop built a Palace, with the precinct covering around 20 acres. St. Mary's church - situated in the precinct – acted as the Palace's chapel.
Henry VIII suppressed the Palace in the 16th century.
St. Mary Magdalene's Parish Church was connected with the Navy through the centuries, and for many years the tower acted as a navigational aid for ships sailing the Medway estuary by flying a White Ensign by day and shone a light on the tower by night. In WWII navigational aids improved, so the church ceased the practice.
St. Mary Magdalene is a Norman church built in the 13th century, with the addition of the tower in the 15th century. Further additions and extensions occurred during the 14th century. In 1700, Philip Wightman cast and hung a ring of five bells, ...
By the 14th Century, Gillingham received permission to hold an annual fair and weekly market.
Highlights of the Kent Time Line: 602 Canterbury Cathedral founded 604 Diocese of Rochester created 1066 William defeats Harold at Hastings 1066 Dover castle built 1087 Timber walls at Rochester Castle replaced by stone 1127 Rochester Castle keep built 1155 – 6 Two charters giving rights to the Cinque Ports 1170 Archbishop Thomas Becket murdered at Canterbury 1180 Keep and curtain walls built at Dover Castle 1348 – 9 Black Death, possibly half the population of Kent dies 1392 The first stone bridge at Rochester 1539 – 44 Construction of Henry VIII castles (Chatham) 1549 Mast Pond Gillingham 1550 All ships laid up at Gillingham 1559 Upnor castle built 1567 Anchorage renamed Chatham 1570 Chatham Dockyard at Sunne Hard 1635 First demand for the ‘Ship Money’ 1642 Start of the First Civil War 1643 Royalist Rising in West Kent. 1644 County Committee based at Aylesford 1646 County Committee based at Maidstone 1647 Christmas cancelled. Riots in Canterbury 1648 Royalist Rising in Kent. Battle of Maidstone 1649 Execution of Charles I 1660 The Restoration Charles II lands at Dover 1665 Navy dockyard laid out at Sheerness 1667 Dutch fleet in the Medway and Thames 1698 Shepherd Neame Brewery opened
Gillingham, town and port, unitary authority of Medway, geographic and historic county of Kent, southeastern England. It is on the River Medway and is one of the three main communities (along with Chatham and Rochester) that are often called the “Medway Towns.”
Before the establishment of the royal dockyard at nearby Chatham, a portion of the town (known as Grench) was a dependency of Hastings, one of the Cinque Ports.
Gillingham was incorporated in 1903 and in 1921 was extended to include Rainham.
Many of the inhabitants were employed in the royal dockyard (the greater part of which lay within the borough) until it closed in 1984.
"There was also tried this morning Fielding, which I thought had been Bazilll — but it proved the other, and Bazill was killed; that killed his brother, who was found guilty of murder, and nobody pitied him."
So, according to Pepys (about half way through this entry), he realizes he had the story wrong, and it was Bazil who died at Christopher Fielding's hand.
I am always stumped by Pepys' ability to write the narrative in the present, even when he later discovers he's wrong BEFORE he writes down the story. If it were me, I'd have recorded the beginning of this entry as being about Christopher's trial and gone back to correct the May 9th entries. But Pepys enjoys playing this game with our minds!
My Devonshire paper has an Opinion piece today on statues, history, slavery, and how many Devonians are ignorant of the fact that only a handful of ships from Plymouth initiated the first English slaving expeditions from Africa to the Americas.
It asks if people know that after the 1560s Devonians hardly engaged in slavery? Two dozen ships left Devon to enslave Africans out of the nearly 12,000 voyages conducted from other English ports.
Also in the 1500's some Africans lived in Plymouth and Barnstaple, probably because of privateering. Documents show these men and women were free servants, not slaves. [That didn't last - sj]
Upsetting to some is the fact that more white Devonians were taken hostage and enslaved in North Africa than Equatorial Africans were seized as slaves by Devonians. (That isn't true for many English counties; the Barbary pirates’ made a significant impact on Devon for centuries.)
On-going research will probably show substantial Devonian trade from the late 1500s to the early 1800s was in slave-produced goods (sugar, rum, tobacco, cotton). There was also direct investment in, or ownership of, slave plantations – but as of 2020 there is no evidence any Devon estate or country house was purchased with, or built from, such wealth.
It is impossible to disentangle the British Empire from any economic or cultural legacy in the United Kingdom. For centuries the economy was centered on adding to its colonies, and the exploitation of foreign commodities.
In 17th century Devon this meant the harvesting of Canadian fish and whales which made Dartmouth, Plymouth, Teignmouth, Bideford and Barnstaple wealthy at the expense of native Canadians. This fishing provided the economic foundation for those ports. Should we now view the quaint 17th century streets of Dartmouth with shame?
The 400th anniversary of the sailing of the Mayflower from Dartmouth and Plymouth will be celebrated in the United States in 2020 as a valiant fight for religious freedom. But the Pilgrims sought (1) freedom to practice their own Puritan form of worship, and (2) freedom to persecute anyone who dissented from it. They carried out their plans: Quakers were hanged for practicing their faith.
Today we would label the Pilgrims as extremists, bigots and/or fundamentalists -- certainly not humanitarians. In addition, the Puritans’ New World was the result of taking land from its rightful owners.
As we know from studying Pepys, it is impossible for any figure from the past to meet modern expectations with respect for gender, race, disability, religion, sexuality, class, household violence and age.
Bristol Library Service: Holds contemporary newspapers, and a wide range of books printed on the subject. It has the logbook of the slave ship the Black Prince, and a copy of the logbook of the slave ship the Molly. Many records are available on microfiche. It has a bibliography of its holdings available see www.bristol-city.gov.uk/lib/slave…
Bristol Record Office: Holds the records of the Spring Hill Plantation in Jamaica, Munkley papers (shipping), and various documents relating to trade and merchants. A pamphlet detailing the records held is available. See their website which has an on-line search engine: www.bristol-city.gov.uk
University of Bristol: Holds the Pinney papers and a number of contemporary books, maps and other documents relating to the slave trade, the Caribbean and sugar. It publishes a leaflet on its slavery material.
Special Collections Librarian, Arts Library, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, BS8 1TQ
Empire & Commonwealth Museum: Holds books and government papers relating to the slave trade. The Curator, Empire & Commonwealth Museum, Clock Tower Yard, Temple Meads, Bristol BS1 6QH
Kuumba Cultural Centre: Has a library with a good selection on black history and culture. 2 Hepburn Road, Bristol BS5
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8. Other Libraries and Archives:
Public Record Office: Holds a large number of documents that relate to Bristol, including the business papers of James Rogers (slave trader). There is a book by Guy Grannum, Tracing your West Indian Ancestors, available from the shop.
The millions of documents held here are well-catalogued, but records relating to Bristol merchants and slaving might be in an unexpected file, like ‘Portuguese trade’.
The Archivist, PRO, Ruskin Avenue, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 4DU
@@@
Obviously this information was incomplete and obsolete before it went to press, but it'll get you started. Many thanks to the City of Bristol for throwing open the archives. http://discoveringbristol.org.uk/…
H. McD. Beckles ‘The “Hub of Empire”: the Caribbean and Britain in the Seventeenth Century’ in N. Canny (editor) The Oxford History of the British Empire: The Origins of Empire (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998) vol. 1 pp. 218-240 H. McD. Beckles ‘White women and slavery in the Caribbean’ in History Workshop, Autumn 93, no.36, pp. 66-82 David Eltis and Stanley Engerman ‘The importance of slavery and the slave trade to industrialising Britain’ in Journal of Economic History, 60:1 (2000), pp. 123-44 P.E.H. Hair and R. Law ‘The English in Western Africa to 1700’ in The Oxford History of the British Empire: The Eighteenth Century (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998) vol. 2, pp. 241-263 J.P.E. Lovejoy ‘Trust, pawnship, and Atlantic history: the institutional foundations of the Old Calabar slave trade’ in American Historical Review, 104:2 (1999), pp. 333-55. Kenneth Morgan ‘Sugar refining in Bristol’ in Kristine Bruland and Patrick K. O’Brien (editors) From family firms to corporate capitalism: essays in business and industrial history in honour of Peter Mathias (Oxford: Clarendon, 1998) pp. 139-69. Philip D. Morgan ‘The black Experience in the British Empire 1680-1765’ in The Oxford History of the British Empire: The Eighteenth Century (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998) vol. 2, pp. 465-486 J. Pieterse ‘Slavery and the triangle of emancipation’ in Race and Class vol. 13 no. 3 (1998), pp.1-21 D. Richardson ‘Shipboard revolts, African authority and the Atlantic slave trade’ in The William and Mary Quarterly third series, vol. LVIII, no.1 (Jan. 2001): this is on line at www.historycooperative.org/journa… R. Sheridan ‘The Formation of Caribbean Plantation Society, 1689-1748’ in P.J. Marshall (editor) The Oxford History of the British Empire: The Eighteenth Century (Oxford: Oxford University Press 1998) vol. 2, pp 394-414 Tim Taylor ‘Nevis, West Indies’ in TimeTeam 99: The Site Reports (London: Channel 4, 1999)
Hilary Beckles and Verene Shepherd (editors) Caribbean Slavery in the Atlantic World (Princeton : Marcus Wiener, 1999) Ira Berlin and Philip D Morgan (editors) Cultivation and Culture: Labor and the Shalping of Slave Life in the Americas (Charlottesville and London: University Press of Virginia, 1993) Robin Blackburn The making of New World Slavery from the Baroque to the Modern, 1492-1800 (London:Verso 1997) David Brion Davis The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988) Seymour Drescher and Stanley L. Engerman (editors) A Historical Guide to World Slavery (Oxford: Oxford University Press,1998) Susanne Everett History of Slavery (London: Grange Books, 1996) Paul Farnsworth (ed) Island Lives (Alabama: 2001) Peter Fryer Staying Power: The History of Black People in Britain (London: Pluto Press, 1984) Gretchen Gerzina Black England: Life Before Emancipation (London: John Murray, 1995) Guy Grannum Tracing Your West Indian Ancestors; Sources in the Public Record Office (London: PRO Publications, 1995 Richard Hart Slaves Who Abolished Slavery: Blacks in Rebellion (Barbados, Jamaica et al: University of the West Indies Press, 1985, 2002) Patrick Manning Slavery and African Life: Occidental, Oriental, and African Slave Trades (New York and Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990). Kenneth Morgan Slavery, Atlantic Trade and the British Economy 1660-1800 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000) James A. Rawley The Transatlantic Slave Trade: A History (New York and London: Norton, 1981) Edward Reynolds Stand the Storm: A History of the Atlantic Slave Trade (London: Alison and Busby, 1985) Verene Shepherd and Hilary McD. Beckles Caribbean Slavery in the Atlantic World: A Student Reader (Kingston, Jamaica: Ian Randle, 2000) Theresa A Singleton (editor) The Archaeology of Slavery and Plantation Life (Orlando: Academic Press, 1985) Anthony Tibbles (editor) Transatlantic Slavery: Against Human Dignity (London: HMSO, 1995) James Walvin Black Ivory: A History of British Slavery (London: Fontana, 1993) Eric Williams Capitalism and Slavery (Chapletown, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press,1944) Marcus Wood Blind Memory: Visual Representations of Slavery in England and America (Manchester:Manchester University Press, 2000)
Books and sources for research on Bristol’s transatlantic slave trade:
1. Books and articles with a substantial amount of information specifically about Bristol: Madge Dresser Slavery Obscured: The Social History of the Slave Trade in an English Provincial Port (London: Continuum Books, 2001) Madge Dresser and Sue Giles (editors) Bristol & Transatlantic Slavery (Bristol: Bristol Museums & Art Gallery, 2000) Madge Dresser Caletta Jordan and Doreen Taylor Slave Trade Trail around Central Bristol (Bristol: Bristol Museums & Art Gallery, 1999) Donald Jones Clifton: A history (Chichester:Phillimore, 1992) Donald Jones Bristol’s Sugar Trade and Refining Industry (Bristol: Bristol Branch of the Historical Association, 19 Peter Linebaugh and Marcus Rediker The Many-Headed Hydra: Sailors, Slaves, Commoners and the Hidden History of the Revolutionary Atlantic (London: Verso, 2000) Paul E. Lovejoy (editor) Africans in bondage: studies in slavery and the slave trade: essays in honor of Philip D. Curtin on the occasion of the twenty-fifth anniversary of African Studies at the University of Wisconsin (Madison: University of Winsconsin, 1986) C M MacInnes Bristol: Gateway to Empire (reprint Newton Abbot David and Charles, 1968) Kenneth Morgan Edward Colston and Bristol (Bristol: Historical Association, Bristol Branch, 1999) Richard Pares A West India Fortune [the Pinney family] (London: Longman, 1950) David Richardson Bristol, Africa and the Eighteenth-Century Slave Trade to America Vol.1 The Years of Expansion 1698-1729 (Bristol: The Bristol Record Society, 1986); David Richardson The Bristol Slave Traders: A Collective Portrait (Bristol: Bristol Branch of the Historical Association, 1985) Hugh Thomas The Slave Trade: The History of the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1440-1870 (London: Picador, 1997) Nigel Tattersfield The Forgotten Trade: Comprising the Log of the Daniel and Henry of 1700 and Accounts of the Slave Trade from the Minor Ports of England 1698-1725 (London: Jonathan Cape, 1991, London: Pimlico, 1998)
Starting in the 11th century, ships from Bristol were involved in transporting children to sell as slaves in Ireland. For most of the Middle Ages (1000 - 1453) Bristol was the second richest and busiest city after London, By the end of the 1500s it remained a great regional port. Ships from Bristol traded mainly with Ireland, France, Spain and Portugal. They brought back wine, olive oil and fish. They also visited the north African coast, the Azores islands, Canary Islands and Madeira in the Atlantic Ocean off North Africa, Hamburg, Venice, Holland, and the Baltic area in north east Europe.
From the 1440s the Portuguese had traded in slaves from Africa and after 1600 merchants from Holland and London joined in. Initially the Royal African Company, made up of merchants from London only, had sole rights to trade in slaves. Bristol merchants may have been trading in slaves (illegally) from Africa as early as 1670. Bristol’s merchants were certainly campaigning during the 1690s to be allowed to trade with Africa.
There were many people involved in different aspects of the transatlantic slave trade. In Bristol there were the ship owners and merchants, as well as slave-ship captains and crew. The ship owners might invest money in a slaving voyage as well as providing the ship. Merchants invested money in slaving voyages, in equipping the ship and in the goods that were traded with Africa. The roles of slave traders, ship owners, and merchants often overlapped. In West Africa, those involved were the caboceers (traders) on the coast and the enslaved Africans who were captured and sold to the slave ships. In the Caribbean islands and the Americas, there were the slave traders’ agents who sold the enslaved Africans and the plantation owners who purchased the enslaved Africans when they arrived in what was known as the ‘New World’ .
The accounts book of the 1774 first slaving voyage of the ship the Africa gives much information about the finances of the trade. The eight owners seem to have made a small loss on this voyage, but four of them were happy to try again on a second voyage. This extract shows the payout of £641 1s and 6d (or £641.71/2p) to each investor. This would be about £32,050 today. The final payment was of £39 2s 6d six weeks later (about £1,950 today).
The Alington family had held land at Horseheath, Cambridgeshire, since 1397, per William's House of Commons biography. In 1660 William became the 3rd Baron Alington of Killard and celebrated by building a mansion there which was said to have cost £70,000, designed by Sir Roger Pratt.
The main London market gardener, Leonard Gurle (who later became the Gardener to the King) provided plants to the value of £8.3s. for this project.
John Evelyn, who dined at the finished Horseheath Hall, estimating that William, 3rd Baron Alington MP’s costs to had been about £20,000 – in 2019 terms, £33 million – so the cost of the plants (2019 about £13,000) was relatively small.
Liz ... I had forgotten that there is an Encyclopedia page dedicated to fruits and veggies, but it not linked to any citation as Pepys never specifically mentions these two words.
I came across this wonderful article about all things gardening in Charles II's time, with shout outs to people and things discussed in the Diary, including John Evelyn's visit to Horseheath Hall, Cambridgeshire, home of William, 3rd Baron Alington MP, and the set up for the Royal gardener (a position that included an apartment at St. James's Palace), and the approximate cost of a pear tree in 1670. The variety of fruit trees available is astounding ... many more than we have today!
Comments
Second Reading
About Saturday 6 July 1667
San Diego Sarah • Link
Now I remember: Lord Annesly [Anglesey] became the Treasurer of the Navy yesterday, and the new guy's name was [Sir] T. Harvy. I rest my case. No way Pepys could responsibly go to Epsom in what were still chaotic times.
About Saturday 6 July 1667
San Diego Sarah • Link
Pepys can't take Elizabeth to Epsom: He IS the Navy right now.
The Duke of York and Coventry are out of town (plus Coventry isn't involved in the Navy any more). Brouncker is in Rochester, driving around in a coach. Mennes is ill, and Batten and Penn have been sick recently and appear not to have been in the office today. Pett is in the Tower. Who else was there? Oh, the new guy who's name I can't remember -- he's not ready for prime time alone.
About Saturday 6 July 1667
San Diego Sarah • Link
"At least, for my own particular, we shall continue well till I can get my money into my hands, and then I will shift for myself."
This appears to be a plan Pepys has for his future.
I thought he was possibly the only person in London who had consolidated his investments before the start of this year's hostilities (and before he sent some of it to Brampton). This sounds like there is more out there to be harvested. The "and then I will shift for myself" sounds like he wants to quit as CoA.
About Saturday 6 July 1667
San Diego Sarah • Link
"This afternoon I met with Mr. Rolt, who tells me that he is going Cornett under Collonel Ingoldsby, being his old acquaintance, and Ingoldsby hath a troop now from under the King, and I think it is a handsome way for him ..."
I recall all those warrants sent out by Charles the day the Dutch began the attack on the Medway. Obviously I was optimistic about how long it would take new colonels to respond with troops. How fortunate they were that the Dutch (and French) did not bring an army ... they would have been half way to York by now.
"and that there are regiments ordered to be got together, whereof to be commanders my Lord Fairfax, Ingoldsby, Bethell, Norton, and Birch, and other Presbyterians"
L&M: On 13 June, 1667 some colonelcies were granted to 'Presbyterians' and ex-parliamentarians such as Fairfax, Manchester and Norton. CSPD 1667, pp. 179, 181, 182, 199. For other forms of the rumor, see newsletter (15 June): ib., p. 189.
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/…
June 13 to July 6, and the troops are not underway yet.
About Thursday 4 July 1667
San Diego Sarah • Link
Nicolas, if you read the annotations on 9 May 1667 you will find this:
✹ Terry Foreman on 4 Jul 2010 • Link • Flag
Basil Fielding
Was in fact stabbed to death by his drunken brother Christopher. (L&M note)
https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/…
Basil's encyclopedia annotation correctly says he was stabbed by his brother
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
I have add a clarification annotation to Christopher's encyclopedia entry. This is OUR blog, so feel free to make corrections yourself when you spot something.
Our hero behind the scenes making all this work -- free of charge! -- is Phil Gyford. It's worth reading https://www.pepysdiary.com/about/ etc.
About Christopher Fielding
San Diego Sarah • Link
Terry's annotation refers to Pepys' understanding of the affair on May 9, 1667.
Pepys discovers his error on 4 July, 1667. Christopher was actually the killer.
About Gillingham, Kent
San Diego Sarah • Link
Before and after the Norman Conquest, Gillingham was a possession of the Archbishop of Canterbury. During the 12th Century, the Archbishop built a Palace, with the precinct covering around 20 acres. St. Mary's church - situated in the precinct – acted as the Palace's chapel.
Henry VIII suppressed the Palace in the 16th century.
St. Mary Magdalene's Parish Church was connected with the Navy through the centuries, and for many years the tower acted as a navigational aid for ships sailing the Medway estuary by flying a White Ensign by day and shone a light on the tower by night. In WWII navigational aids improved, so the church ceased the practice.
St. Mary Magdalene is a Norman church built in the 13th century, with the addition of the tower in the 15th century. Further additions and extensions occurred during the 14th century. In 1700, Philip Wightman cast and hung a ring of five bells, ...
By the 14th Century, Gillingham received permission to hold an annual fair and weekly market.
Highlights of the Kent Time Line:
602 Canterbury Cathedral founded
604 Diocese of Rochester created
1066 William defeats Harold at Hastings
1066 Dover castle built
1087 Timber walls at Rochester Castle replaced by stone
1127 Rochester Castle keep built
1155 – 6 Two charters giving rights to the Cinque Ports
1170 Archbishop Thomas Becket murdered at Canterbury
1180 Keep and curtain walls built at Dover Castle
1348 – 9 Black Death, possibly half the population of Kent dies
1392 The first stone bridge at Rochester
1539 – 44 Construction of Henry VIII castles (Chatham)
1549 Mast Pond Gillingham
1550 All ships laid up at Gillingham
1559 Upnor castle built
1567 Anchorage renamed Chatham
1570 Chatham Dockyard at Sunne Hard
1635 First demand for the ‘Ship Money’
1642 Start of the First Civil War
1643 Royalist Rising in West Kent.
1644 County Committee based at Aylesford
1646 County Committee based at Maidstone
1647 Christmas cancelled. Riots in Canterbury
1648 Royalist Rising in Kent. Battle of Maidstone
1649 Execution of Charles I
1660 The Restoration Charles II lands at Dover
1665 Navy dockyard laid out at Sheerness
1667 Dutch fleet in the Medway and Thames
1698 Shepherd Neame Brewery opened
For more, including lots of articles, see
http://www.kentpast.co.uk/timelin…
About Gillingham, Kent
San Diego Sarah • Link
Gillingham, town and port, unitary authority of Medway, geographic and historic county of Kent, southeastern England. It is on the River Medway and is one of the three main communities (along with Chatham and Rochester) that are often called the “Medway Towns.”
Before the establishment of the royal dockyard at nearby Chatham, a portion of the town (known as Grench) was a dependency of Hastings, one of the Cinque Ports.
Gillingham was incorporated in 1903 and in 1921 was extended to include Rainham.
Many of the inhabitants were employed in the royal dockyard (the greater part of which lay within the borough) until it closed in 1984.
For a picture see https://www.britannica.com/place/…
About Thursday 4 July 1667
San Diego Sarah • Link
"There was also tried this morning Fielding, which I thought had been Bazilll — but it proved the other, and Bazill was killed; that killed his brother, who was found guilty of murder, and nobody pitied him."
So, according to Pepys (about half way through this entry), he realizes he had the story wrong, and it was Bazil who died at Christopher Fielding's hand.
I am always stumped by Pepys' ability to write the narrative in the present, even when he later discovers he's wrong BEFORE he writes down the story. If it were me, I'd have recorded the beginning of this entry as being about Christopher's trial and gone back to correct the May 9th entries. But Pepys enjoys playing this game with our minds!
About Plymouth
San Diego Sarah • Link
My Devonshire paper has an Opinion piece today on statues, history, slavery, and how many Devonians are ignorant of the fact that only a handful of ships from Plymouth initiated the first English slaving expeditions from Africa to the Americas.
It asks if people know that after the 1560s Devonians hardly engaged in slavery? Two dozen ships left Devon to enslave Africans out of the nearly 12,000 voyages conducted from other English ports.
Also in the 1500's some Africans lived in Plymouth and Barnstaple, probably because of privateering. Documents show these men and women were free servants, not slaves. [That didn't last - sj]
Upsetting to some is the fact that more white Devonians were taken hostage and enslaved in North Africa than Equatorial Africans were seized as slaves by Devonians. (That isn't true for many English counties; the Barbary pirates’ made a significant impact on Devon for centuries.)
On-going research will probably show substantial Devonian trade from the late 1500s to the early 1800s was in slave-produced goods (sugar, rum, tobacco, cotton). There was also direct investment in, or ownership of, slave plantations – but as of 2020 there is no evidence any Devon estate or country house was purchased with, or built from, such wealth.
It is impossible to disentangle the British Empire from any economic or cultural legacy in the United Kingdom. For centuries the economy was centered on adding to its colonies, and the exploitation of foreign commodities.
In 17th century Devon this meant the harvesting of Canadian fish and whales which made Dartmouth, Plymouth, Teignmouth, Bideford and Barnstaple wealthy at the expense of native Canadians. This fishing provided the economic foundation for those ports. Should we now view the quaint 17th century streets of Dartmouth with shame?
The 400th anniversary of the sailing of the Mayflower from Dartmouth and Plymouth will be celebrated in the United States in 2020 as a valiant fight for religious freedom. But the Pilgrims sought (1) freedom to practice their own Puritan form of worship, and (2) freedom to persecute anyone who dissented from it. They carried out their plans: Quakers were hanged for practicing their faith.
Today we would label the Pilgrims as extremists, bigots and/or fundamentalists -- certainly not humanitarians.
In addition, the Puritans’ New World was the result of taking land from its rightful owners.
As we know from studying Pepys, it is impossible for any figure from the past to meet modern expectations with respect for gender, race, disability, religion, sexuality, class, household violence and age.
Pictures of Raleigh and Dartmouth, and more Devonshire musings on uncomfortable subjects at
https://www.devonlive.com/news/hi…
About Saturday 29 June 1667
San Diego Sarah • Link
No wonder I used to fail grammar at school. Thanks for the technical explanations.
About Bristol
San Diego Sarah • Link
7. Other Libraries and Archives in Bristol:
Bristol Library Service: Holds contemporary newspapers, and a wide range of books printed on the subject. It has the logbook of the slave ship the Black Prince, and a copy of the logbook of the slave ship the Molly. Many records are available on microfiche. It has a bibliography of its holdings available see www.bristol-city.gov.uk/lib/slave…
Bristol Record Office: Holds the records of the Spring Hill Plantation in Jamaica,
Munkley papers (shipping), and various documents relating to trade and merchants. A pamphlet detailing the records held is available. See their website which has an on-line search engine: www.bristol-city.gov.uk
University of Bristol: Holds the Pinney papers and a number of contemporary books, maps and other documents relating to the slave trade, the Caribbean and sugar. It publishes a leaflet on its slavery material.
Special Collections Librarian, Arts Library, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, BS8 1TQ
Empire & Commonwealth Museum: Holds books and government papers relating to the slave trade. The Curator, Empire & Commonwealth Museum, Clock Tower Yard, Temple Meads, Bristol BS1 6QH
Kuumba Cultural Centre: Has a library with a good selection on black history and culture. 2 Hepburn Road, Bristol BS5
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8. Other Libraries and Archives:
Public Record Office: Holds a large number of documents that relate to Bristol, including the business papers of James Rogers (slave trader). There is a book by Guy Grannum, Tracing your West Indian Ancestors, available from the shop.
The millions of documents held here are well-catalogued, but records relating to Bristol merchants and slaving might be in an unexpected file, like ‘Portuguese trade’.
The Archivist, PRO, Ruskin Avenue, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 4DU
@@@
Obviously this information was incomplete and obsolete before it went to press, but it'll get you started.
Many thanks to the City of Bristol for throwing open the archives.
http://discoveringbristol.org.uk/…
About Bristol
San Diego Sarah • Link
5. Websites (see also External Links – accessible through the home page, for a wider range of websites):
The Bristol slavery trail on-line with teacher’s notes: www.historyfootsteps.net
To see how Bristol compared to other ports in terms of slave ship departures: www.uwec.edu/Academic/Geography/I…
For timelines (other than the one on this site): www.innercity.org/holt/slavechron… and
web.cocc.edu/cagatucci/classes/hu…
For two first rate American sites see: www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/home.html www.hitchcock.itc.virginia.edu/Sl…
Other general websites on slavery
For a wealth of material on the African trade see: www.fordham.edu/halsall/africa/af…
For some excellent material on slavery related material, see www.brycchancarey.com
Two good sites on Africa and slavery include:
The BBC’s World Service ‘Story of Africa’: www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa… www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/marit…
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About Bristol
San Diego Sarah • Link
3. Journal Articles and Chapters in Books:
H. McD. Beckles ‘The “Hub of Empire”: the Caribbean and Britain in the Seventeenth Century’ in N. Canny (editor) The Oxford History of the British Empire: The Origins of Empire (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998) vol. 1 pp. 218-240
H. McD. Beckles ‘White women and slavery in the Caribbean’ in History Workshop, Autumn 93, no.36, pp. 66-82
David Eltis and Stanley Engerman ‘The importance of slavery and the slave trade to industrialising Britain’ in Journal of Economic History, 60:1 (2000), pp. 123-44
P.E.H. Hair and R. Law ‘The English in Western Africa to 1700’ in The Oxford History of the British Empire: The Eighteenth Century (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998) vol. 2, pp. 241-263
J.P.E. Lovejoy ‘Trust, pawnship, and Atlantic history: the institutional foundations of the Old Calabar slave trade’ in American Historical Review, 104:2 (1999), pp. 333-55.
Kenneth Morgan ‘Sugar refining in Bristol’ in Kristine Bruland and Patrick K. O’Brien (editors) From family firms to corporate capitalism: essays in business and industrial history in honour of Peter Mathias (Oxford: Clarendon, 1998) pp. 139-69.
Philip D. Morgan ‘The black Experience in the British Empire 1680-1765’ in The Oxford History of the British Empire: The Eighteenth Century (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998) vol. 2, pp. 465-486
J. Pieterse ‘Slavery and the triangle of emancipation’ in Race and Class vol. 13 no. 3 (1998), pp.1-21
D. Richardson ‘Shipboard revolts, African authority and the Atlantic slave trade’ in The William and Mary Quarterly third series, vol. LVIII, no.1 (Jan. 2001): this is on line at www.historycooperative.org/journa…
R. Sheridan ‘The Formation of Caribbean Plantation Society, 1689-1748’ in P.J. Marshall (editor) The Oxford History of the British Empire: The Eighteenth Century (Oxford: Oxford University Press 1998) vol. 2, pp 394-414
Tim Taylor ‘Nevis, West Indies’ in TimeTeam 99: The Site Reports (London: Channel 4, 1999)
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About Bristol
San Diego Sarah • Link
2. General Books on the Slave Trade and Slavery:
Hilary Beckles and Verene Shepherd (editors) Caribbean Slavery in the Atlantic World (Princeton : Marcus Wiener, 1999)
Ira Berlin and Philip D Morgan (editors) Cultivation and Culture: Labor and the Shalping of Slave Life in the Americas (Charlottesville and London: University Press of Virginia, 1993)
Robin Blackburn The making of New World Slavery from the Baroque to the Modern, 1492-1800 (London:Verso 1997)
David Brion Davis The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988)
Seymour Drescher and Stanley L. Engerman (editors) A Historical Guide to World Slavery (Oxford: Oxford University Press,1998)
Susanne Everett History of Slavery (London: Grange Books, 1996)
Paul Farnsworth (ed) Island Lives (Alabama: 2001)
Peter Fryer Staying Power: The History of Black People in Britain (London: Pluto Press, 1984)
Gretchen Gerzina Black England: Life Before Emancipation (London: John Murray, 1995)
Guy Grannum Tracing Your West Indian Ancestors; Sources in the Public Record Office (London: PRO Publications, 1995
Richard Hart Slaves Who Abolished Slavery: Blacks in Rebellion (Barbados, Jamaica et al: University of the West Indies Press, 1985, 2002)
Patrick Manning Slavery and African Life: Occidental, Oriental, and African Slave Trades (New York and Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).
Kenneth Morgan Slavery, Atlantic Trade and the British Economy 1660-1800 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000)
James A. Rawley The Transatlantic Slave Trade: A History (New York and London: Norton, 1981)
Edward Reynolds Stand the Storm: A History of the Atlantic Slave Trade (London: Alison and Busby, 1985)
Verene Shepherd and Hilary McD. Beckles Caribbean Slavery in the Atlantic World: A Student Reader (Kingston, Jamaica: Ian Randle, 2000)
Theresa A Singleton (editor) The Archaeology of Slavery and Plantation Life (Orlando: Academic Press, 1985)
Anthony Tibbles (editor) Transatlantic Slavery: Against Human Dignity (London: HMSO, 1995)
James Walvin Black Ivory: A History of British Slavery (London: Fontana, 1993)
Eric Williams Capitalism and Slavery (Chapletown, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press,1944)
Marcus Wood Blind Memory: Visual Representations of Slavery in England and America (Manchester:Manchester University Press, 2000)
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About Bristol
San Diego Sarah • Link
Books and sources for research on Bristol’s transatlantic slave trade:
1. Books and articles with a substantial amount of information specifically about Bristol:
Madge Dresser Slavery Obscured: The Social History of the Slave Trade in an English Provincial Port (London: Continuum Books, 2001)
Madge Dresser and Sue Giles (editors) Bristol & Transatlantic Slavery (Bristol: Bristol Museums & Art Gallery, 2000)
Madge Dresser Caletta Jordan and Doreen Taylor Slave Trade Trail around Central Bristol (Bristol: Bristol Museums & Art Gallery, 1999)
Donald Jones Clifton: A history (Chichester:Phillimore, 1992)
Donald Jones Bristol’s Sugar Trade and Refining Industry (Bristol: Bristol Branch of the Historical Association, 19
Peter Linebaugh and Marcus Rediker The Many-Headed Hydra: Sailors, Slaves, Commoners and the Hidden History of the Revolutionary Atlantic (London: Verso, 2000)
Paul E. Lovejoy (editor) Africans in bondage: studies in slavery and the slave trade: essays in honor of Philip D. Curtin on the occasion of the twenty-fifth anniversary of African Studies at the University of Wisconsin (Madison: University of Winsconsin, 1986)
C M MacInnes Bristol: Gateway to Empire (reprint Newton Abbot David and Charles, 1968)
Kenneth Morgan Edward Colston and Bristol (Bristol: Historical Association, Bristol Branch, 1999)
Richard Pares A West India Fortune [the Pinney family] (London: Longman, 1950)
David Richardson Bristol, Africa and the Eighteenth-Century Slave Trade to America Vol.1 The Years of Expansion 1698-1729 (Bristol: The Bristol Record Society, 1986);
David Richardson The Bristol Slave Traders: A Collective Portrait (Bristol: Bristol Branch of the Historical Association, 1985)
Hugh Thomas The Slave Trade: The History of the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1440-1870 (London: Picador, 1997)
Nigel Tattersfield The Forgotten Trade: Comprising the Log of the Daniel and Henry of 1700 and Accounts of the Slave Trade from the Minor Ports of England 1698-1725 (London: Jonathan Cape, 1991, London: Pimlico, 1998)
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About Bristol
San Diego Sarah • Link
Starting in the 11th century, ships from Bristol were involved in transporting children to sell as slaves in Ireland.
For most of the Middle Ages (1000 - 1453) Bristol was the second richest and busiest city after London, By the end of the 1500s it remained a great regional port.
Ships from Bristol traded mainly with Ireland, France, Spain and Portugal.
They brought back wine, olive oil and fish.
They also visited the north African coast, the Azores islands, Canary Islands and Madeira in the Atlantic Ocean off North Africa, Hamburg, Venice, Holland, and the Baltic area in north east Europe.
From the 1440s the Portuguese had traded in slaves from Africa and after 1600 merchants from Holland and London joined in.
Initially the Royal African Company, made up of merchants from London only, had sole rights to trade in slaves.
Bristol merchants may have been trading in slaves (illegally) from Africa as early as 1670.
Bristol’s merchants were certainly campaigning during the 1690s to be allowed to trade with Africa.
There were many people involved in different aspects of the transatlantic slave trade.
In Bristol there were the ship owners and merchants, as well as slave-ship captains and crew.
The ship owners might invest money in a slaving voyage as well as providing the ship.
Merchants invested money in slaving voyages, in equipping the ship and in the goods that were traded with Africa.
The roles of slave traders, ship owners, and merchants often overlapped.
In West Africa, those involved were the caboceers (traders) on the coast and the enslaved Africans who were captured and sold to the slave ships.
In the Caribbean islands and the Americas, there were the slave traders’ agents who sold the enslaved Africans and the plantation owners who purchased the enslaved Africans when they arrived in what was known as the ‘New World’ .
The accounts book of the 1774 first slaving voyage of the ship the Africa gives much information about the finances of the trade. The eight owners seem to have made a small loss on this voyage, but four of them were happy to try again on a second voyage. This extract shows the payout of £641 1s and 6d (or £641.71/2p) to each investor. This would be about £32,050 today. The final payment was of £39 2s 6d six weeks later (about £1,950 today).
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About William Alington (3rd Baron Alington of Killard)
San Diego Sarah • Link
The Alington family had held land at Horseheath, Cambridgeshire, since 1397, per William's House of Commons biography. In 1660 William became the 3rd Baron Alington of Killard and celebrated by building a mansion there which was said to have cost £70,000, designed by Sir Roger Pratt.
The main London market gardener, Leonard Gurle (who later became the Gardener to the King) provided plants to the value of £8.3s. for this project.
John Evelyn, who dined at the finished Horseheath Hall, estimating that William, 3rd Baron Alington MP’s costs to had been about £20,000 – in 2019 terms, £33 million – so the cost of the plants (2019 about £13,000) was relatively small.
A picture of Horseheath Hall and lots of gardening information at
https://professorhedgehogsjournal…
About Monday 25 August 1662
San Diego Sarah • Link
Liz ... I had forgotten that there is an Encyclopedia page dedicated to fruits and veggies, but it not linked to any citation as Pepys never specifically mentions these two words.
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
I just added a link to a very informative article about gardening in the mid-17th century with all sorts of fascinating details. Enjoy.
About About fruit and vegetables
San Diego Sarah • Link
I came across this wonderful article about all things gardening in Charles II's time, with shout outs to people and things discussed in the Diary, including John Evelyn's visit to Horseheath Hall, Cambridgeshire, home of William, 3rd Baron Alington MP, and the set up for the Royal gardener (a position that included an apartment at St. James's Palace), and the approximate cost of a pear tree in 1670. The variety of fruit trees available is astounding ... many more than we have today!
https://professorhedgehogsjournal…