L&M: George Digby, 2nd Earl of Bristol 1612-77. Politician, soldier, playwrite -- a man of brilliant gifts, but of almost no achievements, having, in Burnet's words, "no judgment or steadiness". He served King Charles, shortly and disasterously, as a Secretary of State in 1643, and was appointed to the same position by Charles II in 1657, but was made to resign on becoming a Roman Catholic. His religion excluded him from high office thereafter, and he played a spoiling game during the Diary years making himself unpopular and distrusted by everyone. The Diary has several revealing entries about his vendetta against Clarendon. The only play he published is called "Elvira" (1667).
An excerpt from GEORGE VILLIERS, SECOND DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM 1628-1687 : A STUDY IN THE HISTORY OF THE RESTORATION By WINIFRED, LADY BURGHCLERE https://archive.org/stream/cu3192…
JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET, W. LONDON 1903
Page 250 BUCKINGHAM'S VAGARIES [chap. x.
'The usual profusion which marked the entertainments of that period was not lacking on this occasion; and with his French chef, George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham had evidently imported the Parisian fashion of serving his table. All the dishes of "costly meats both hot and cold, the sweetmeats also, and the fruit," were placed simultaneously on high stands erected to receive them down the board — an arrangement we can see depicted in the sketches of French banquets still preserved at the Musee Carnavalet.'
@@@
I think “the board” either means the sideboard, or on the table itself of which I think I remember seeing pictures.
The website for Musee Carnavalet has fabulous pictures of 17th century French art, but not of these sketches or of pictures of dining at the time. https://www.thegeographicalcure.c…
"... does this mean that the restoration norm was having the prawn cocktail, steak and Black Forest gateaux all served at once?"
Apparently, yes. An excerpt from GEORGE VILLIERS, SECOND DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM 1628-1687 : A STUDY IN THE HISTORY OF THE RESTORATION By WINIFRED, LADY BURGHCLERE https://archive.org/stream/cu3192…
JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET, W. LONDON 1903
Page 250 BUCKINGHAM'S VAGARIES [chap. x.
'The usual profusion which marked the entertainments of that period was not lacking on this occasion; and with his French chef, George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham had evidently imported the Parisian fashion of serving his table. All the dishes of "costly meats both hot and cold, the sweetmeats also, and the fruit," were placed simultaneously on high stands erected to receive them down the board — an arrangement we can see depicted in the sketches of French banquets still preserved at the Musee Carnavalet.'
Diary of Ralph Josselin (Private Collection) 1.4.1661 (Monday 1 April 1661) document 70013010
April. 1. 2. 3.
I sow oats on ley, and other land. lord command a blessing for my hope is in thee.
went towards London on Mr H. account, a sad providence, [PRESUMABLY ON THE 3RD - SDS]
oh lord melt my bowels, accept my praises for my families health, reason, return to them in favour: die.
@@@
This tells us the weather was fine.
Ley -- noun 1. a piece of land put down to grass, clover, etc., for a single season or a limited number of years, in contrast to permanent pasture.
Mr. H = one of the Mr. Harlakandens who lived in London must have received bad news or suffered bad health. His mother/sister/aunt/cousin lives in the Manor house, and is a friend of Josselin's.
Onto the bowels question -- this meant something different in the 17th century. American Google hasn't the foggiest idea what I'm asking about. Anyone know?
And presumably he never finished the entry -- or he had suicidal thoughts after his return from London and wrote this entry!?!?
On the maid debate -- mom stays home all day, so having to deal with someone she doesn't like is a big deal. Dad has his tailoring business -- probably in one of the street-level rooms -- and has other people to interact with during his days.
Mom's vote counts the most. No matter how irrational or petty, if mom isn't happy, no-one will be happy.
Pictures of extraordinary French craftsmanship in this article, which also mentions Louis XIV's efforts to be friends with the Emperor of China (after the Diary). https://en.chateauversailles.fr/n…
Easter Sunday traditions ... are based on pagan superstitions, which of course is why the Puritans didn’t celebrate the holiday. (The Puritans didn’t like Christmas, either.) For the early Puritans, celebrating the Lord’s Day 52 times a year was quite enough. https://newenglandhistoricalsocie…
The Habsburgs were one of Europe's most formidable – and durable – dynasties, ruling over swathes of the continent for centuries. Speaking to Spencer Mizen, Pieter Judson tells the story of this powerhouse of a family on History Extra, from their championing of Catholicism to the disastrous effects of their incestuous marriages.
Pineapples, sometimes known as “king’s fruit,” were one of British society’s most sought-after status symbols for 250 years. They were often displayed at dinner parties on special plates but typically weren’t eaten. Hosts saved thousands of dollars by renting pineapples instead of buying them — one pineapple cost a whopping £60 (around $17,000 today) in the mid-17th century.
The fruit earned its luxurious reputation during the 16th century, when it was first imported from the Caribbean, and by the 18th century, growing pineapples became a pastime of the upper class.
If you'd like to see how the Doge lived -- apartments fit for a King -- and pictures of Venice and info on how life was there in Shakespeare's time, I recommend a documentary: NOTHING IS TRUER THAN TRUTH
It lasts 75 minutes and is on ROKU now -- March 2024. It's about the Bard and his pals, Elizabeth I and James I, Oxford and Southampton, and is a visual representation of the book, "Shakespeare By Another Name" by Mark Anderson https://www.amazon.com/Shakespear…
The British -- not that they called themselves that -- avoided Antwerp because it was in the Catholic Spanish Netherlands. It was also in what they referred to as Flanders. And it was a center for fine art.
In the late 16th and 17th centuries, Antwerp was a design studio for the world. The port city, in what was then the Habsburg Spanish Netherlands, suffered from the religious conflicts of the time, but weathered sack and damage from armies on both sides of the long wars of religion to reinvent itself as a center of art, engraving and publication. Antwerp was also a hub of typography and printing, especially after the establishment of the mighty international firm of Officina Plantiniana in 1555.
The city’s artists excelled in many spheres, but especially in the arts of drawing and design: Antwerp prints travelled throughout the Habsburg realms and beyond. Designs derived from them can be found in mission churches in the Andes, on tombstones in remote Scottish graveyards, on Chinese ceramics made under Jesuit auspices, and on metalwork and title pages throughout the early modern world.
‘Bruegel to Rubens: Great Flemish Drawings’ at the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford until 23 June, 2024 offers a glimpse of the multiple possibilities and uses of drawing in Flanders, and takes a broad view of what might be defined as a drawing.
Preparatory studies for grand paintings are represented here, as in Rubens’ casually massive charcoal study of a nude male torso, which reappears in his Raising of the Cross (1610–11) in Antwerp Cathedral.
There are delicate, sardonic pages from friendship albums; designs for tapestries, title pages, stained glass; jewel-colored studies of tulips, roses and insects painted on vellum by Joris Hoefnagel; delicate watercolor landscapes, glimmering like enamel, that are finished works in themselves, such as The Fall of Icarus (1590) by Hans Bol.
Re Vincent and bubbles, on wondering whether Sam knew about the tulip bubble of 1637 ...
I expect Pepys knew many rich people lost money buying tulip bulbs when the market crashed 25 years ago -- and he must have enjoyed looking at tulips in rich people's gardens. But whether he, or anyone else, appreciated what a bubble was/is, probably not. He did observe, for instance, the problems with obtaining mourning clothes when everyone in the nation went into mourning at the same time. That's a form of bubble.
An unusual look at some of Wren's work -- the view from the rooves (or roofs if you prefer) and some historical notes from his major works: https://londonist.substack.com/p/…
Over the next 8 years there will be many discussions about what pain killers were available. I consolodated many of them into a long post in the OPIUM section of our Encyclopedia: https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
No they are not spoilers: Pepys has a stone feast every year, so every year we confront the same awful realization of how much courage having this operation took.
And you did click through on "cut of the stone," didn't you ... more gruesome details there.
And you're right: No malpractice insurance, because 99 per cent of what the doctors did would be considered malpractice today. You were better served by the apothocaries and herbalists, and that could be an adventure too! But you can die of the stone as well as from the operation to remove it. Take your pick.
Glad to hear you know the drill, MartinVT. In Pepys' defense, Elizabeth only had her period, and inconvenient as it was without acetaminophen pills, she isn't "ill". Food and a hot water bottle (a hot stone or potato in Pepys' day) is all that's necessary. One doesn't feel like socializing.
Oliver Cromwell appears to have delayed Dr. Samuel Annesley DCL’s preferment but, in July 1657, he allowed Annesley a Sunday afternoon lectureship at St. Paul's (at £120 as opposed to his predecessor's £400 per year).
Annesley's importance in the Puritan movement grew. He lectured at St. Paul's Cathedral Dec. 1657-June, 1659, and was presented to St. Giles Cripplegate by Richard Cromwell in 1658.
Dr. Samuel Annesley was made a commissioner for approbation of ministers in 1660, and in 1661 he edited a popular sermon collection, The Morning-Exercise at Cripple-Gate (in 4 editions by 1677). But the Church of England had little room for an unbending Presbyterian and his successor was installed at St. Giles in Nov., 1662.
Dr. Samuel Annesley continued to live in London and, by 1664, was holding conventicles in his house.
In Sept. 1668 Annesley was one of 10 eminent divines, including Richard Baxter and John Owen, nominated to debate whether to seek comprehension or toleration.
In Sir Joseph Williamson's memorable terminology, Dr. Samuel Annesley was a young 'duckling' taking to the 'waters' of separatism, as opposed to the older 'dons' like Richard Baxter (although Baxter was only 4 years his senior), who sought a wider Church of England.
Annesley was one of several London Presbyterians who began erecting new meeting-houses before the 1672 indulgence. His Spitalfields meeting-house was constructed 'with pulpit and seats' in 1669, and he was convicted at least 3 times for preaching there in 1670.
Annesley was a "moderate puritan" according to our first annotation above, and I presume he adopted the Church of England in order to be eligible to become a Commissioner. But that was not true of his cousin:
Samuel Annesley (1620-1696) was born at Haseley, Warks.,and baptized on 26 March 1620, the son of John (d. c. 1629) and Judith Annesley of that parish. He went to school in Haseley and at Coventry grammar school.
His funeral preacher, Dr. Daniel Williams, claimed that his 'parents dedicated him from the womb' to the ministry, and that he read 20 chapters in the Bible every day from when he was 6.
Annesley matriculated at Queen's College, Oxford, in Oct. 1636, graduated BA in 1639, and proceeded Doctor of Civil Law in Apr. 1648.
Anglican critics — Thomas Barlow, Anthony Wood — thought Annesley had little learning and was 'dull, yet industrious', and he may have been somewhat of an autodidact. Wood even claimed Annesley had solicited the DCL [Doctor of Civil Law] when he learned that as incumbent at Cliffe, Kent he was required to keep a church court. Wood also claimed Annesley changed his name to claim a relationship with Arthur Annesley, 1st Earl of Anglesey, although the earl really was his cousin.
Dr. Samuel Annesley married Mary Hill (d. 1646), of Barford, Warks., on 21 July, 1641, at All Hallows, Bread Street, London. They had at least one son, Samuel (1645-1650).
Dr. Samuel Annesley DCL may have been lecturer at Chatham from Dec. 1642.
Annesley was incumbent at Cliffe c. 1644-1652. His ejected predecessor's followers attacked him with sticks and stones, but at his departure many parishioners supported him.
Annesley was ordained by Presbyters on 18 Dec., 1644 as chaplain to the Lord Admiral Robert Rich, 2nd Earl of Warwick.
In Aug. 1648, soon after Annesley delivered a fast sermon to the Commons urging them not to treat with King Charles any more, the Commons desired him to attend the lord admiral at sea (and he dedicated the fast sermon 'from abord the George riding of Goree in Holland').
Annesley later claimed he had always 'publicly detested the horrid murder' of King Charles and his frank words against Cromwell had lost him a living worth £200-£300 per year. Critics noted he 'fell in with the rebellious times' and that he took the Engagement.
Between 1646 and 1653 Dr. Samuel Annesley married Mary (d. 1693), probably a daughter of John White (aka Century White), the feoffee for impropriations and parliamentarian scourge of scandalous and malignant clergy. They had at least 7 daughters and 3 sons.
During the interregnum Dr. Samuel Annesley probably held the London living of St. John the Evangelist, Friday Street, and in 1655 published 2 sermons preached at St. Paul's Cathedral and another preached at St. Lawrence Jewry.
For a picture of a Pepys' era Bill of Exchange -- with his signature on it! -- and information about how they are used, see https://www.pepysdiary.com/indept…
Comments
Third Reading
About George Digby (2nd Earl of Bristol)
San Diego Sarah • Link
L&M: George Digby, 2nd Earl of Bristol 1612-77.
Politician, soldier, playwrite -- a man of brilliant gifts, but of almost no achievements, having, in Burnet's words, "no judgment or steadiness".
He served King Charles, shortly and disasterously, as a Secretary of State in 1643, and was appointed to the same position by Charles II in 1657, but was made to resign on becoming a Roman Catholic.
His religion excluded him from high office thereafter, and he played a spoiling game during the Diary years making himself unpopular and distrusted by everyone.
The Diary has several revealing entries about his vendetta against Clarendon.
The only play he published is called "Elvira" (1667).
About Wednesday 11 March 1667/68
San Diego Sarah • Link
More about the French style of food delivery:
An excerpt from GEORGE VILLIERS, SECOND DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM 1628-1687 : A STUDY IN THE HISTORY OF THE RESTORATION
By WINIFRED, LADY BURGHCLERE
https://archive.org/stream/cu3192…
JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET, W. LONDON
1903
Page 250 BUCKINGHAM'S VAGARIES [chap. x.
'The usual profusion which marked the entertainments of that period was not lacking on this occasion; and with his French chef, George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham had evidently imported the Parisian fashion of serving his table. All the dishes of "costly meats both hot and cold, the sweetmeats also, and the fruit," were placed simultaneously on high stands erected to receive them down the board — an arrangement we can see depicted in the sketches of French banquets still preserved at the Musee Carnavalet.'
@@@
I think “the board” either means the sideboard, or on the table itself of which I think I remember seeing pictures.
The website for Musee Carnavalet has fabulous pictures of 17th century French art, but not of these sketches or of pictures of dining at the time.
https://www.thegeographicalcure.c…
About Wednesday 5 June 1667
San Diego Sarah • Link
"... does this mean that the restoration norm was having the prawn cocktail, steak and Black Forest gateaux all served at once?"
Apparently, yes. An excerpt from GEORGE VILLIERS, SECOND DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM 1628-1687 : A STUDY IN THE HISTORY OF THE RESTORATION
By WINIFRED, LADY BURGHCLERE
https://archive.org/stream/cu3192…
JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET, W. LONDON
1903
Page 250 BUCKINGHAM'S VAGARIES [chap. x.
'The usual profusion which marked the entertainments of that period was not lacking on this occasion; and with his French chef, George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham had evidently imported the Parisian fashion of serving his table. All the dishes of "costly meats both hot and cold, the sweetmeats also, and the fruit," were placed simultaneously on high stands erected to receive them down the board — an arrangement we can see depicted in the sketches of French banquets still preserved at the Musee Carnavalet.'
About Monday 1 April 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
Diary of Ralph Josselin (Private Collection)
1.4.1661 (Monday 1 April 1661)
document 70013010
April. 1. 2. 3.
I sow oats on ley, and other land. lord command a blessing for my hope is in thee.
went towards London on Mr H. account, a sad providence, [PRESUMABLY ON THE 3RD - SDS]
oh lord melt my bowels, accept my praises for my families health, reason, return to them in favour: die.
@@@
This tells us the weather was fine.
Ley -- noun
1. a piece of land put down to grass, clover, etc., for a single season or a limited number of years, in contrast to permanent pasture.
Mr. H = one of the Mr. Harlakandens who lived in London must have received bad news or suffered bad health. His mother/sister/aunt/cousin lives in the Manor house, and is a friend of Josselin's.
Onto the bowels question -- this meant something different in the 17th century. American Google hasn't the foggiest idea what I'm asking about. Anyone know?
And presumably he never finished the entry -- or he had suicidal thoughts after his return from London and wrote this entry!?!?
About Sunday 31 March 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
Correct, 徽柔.
About Monday 1 April 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
On the maid debate -- mom stays home all day, so having to deal with someone she doesn't like is a big deal.
Dad has his tailoring business -- probably in one of the street-level rooms -- and has other people to interact with during his days.
Mom's vote counts the most. No matter how irrational or petty, if mom isn't happy, no-one will be happy.
Pepys should known that.
About Louis XIV (King of France, 1643-1715)
San Diego Sarah • Link
Pictures of extraordinary French craftsmanship in this article, which also mentions Louis XIV's efforts to be friends with the Emperor of China (after the Diary).
https://en.chateauversailles.fr/n…
About Easter
San Diego Sarah • Link
Easter Sunday traditions ... are based on pagan superstitions, which of course is why the Puritans didn’t celebrate the holiday. (The Puritans didn’t like Christmas, either.)
For the early Puritans, celebrating the Lord’s Day 52 times a year was quite enough.
https://newenglandhistoricalsocie…
About Charles II (King of Spain, 1665-1700)
San Diego Sarah • Link
The Habsburgs were one of Europe's most formidable – and durable – dynasties, ruling over swathes of the continent for centuries. Speaking to Spencer Mizen, Pieter Judson tells the story of this powerhouse of a family on History Extra, from their championing of Catholicism to the disastrous effects of their incestuous marriages.
https://www.historyextra.com/memb…
Yes, you need a subscription. They do discount them from time-to-time.
About About fruit and vegetables
San Diego Sarah • Link
More on pineapples ...
Pineapples, sometimes known as “king’s fruit,” were one of British society’s most sought-after status symbols for 250 years. They were often displayed at dinner parties on special plates but typically weren’t eaten. Hosts saved thousands of dollars by renting pineapples instead of buying them — one pineapple cost a whopping £60 (around $17,000 today) in the mid-17th century.
The fruit earned its luxurious reputation during the 16th century, when it was first imported from the Caribbean, and by the 18th century, growing pineapples became a pastime of the upper class.
https://historyfacts.com/world-hi…
It's the second article on the page.
About Venice, Italy
San Diego Sarah • Link
If you'd like to see how the Doge lived -- apartments fit for a King -- and pictures of Venice and info on how life was there in Shakespeare's time, I recommend a documentary: NOTHING IS TRUER THAN TRUTH
It lasts 75 minutes and is on ROKU now -- March 2024.
It's about the Bard and his pals, Elizabeth I and James I, Oxford and Southampton, and is a visual representation of the book, "Shakespeare By Another Name" by Mark Anderson
https://www.amazon.com/Shakespear…
About Antwerp, Belgium
San Diego Sarah • Link
The British -- not that they called themselves that -- avoided Antwerp because it was in the Catholic Spanish Netherlands. It was also in what they referred to as Flanders. And it was a center for fine art.
In the late 16th and 17th centuries, Antwerp was a design studio for the world.
The port city, in what was then the Habsburg Spanish Netherlands, suffered from the religious conflicts of the time, but weathered sack and damage from armies on both sides of the long wars of religion to reinvent itself as a center of art, engraving and publication.
Antwerp was also a hub of typography and printing, especially after the establishment of the mighty international firm of Officina Plantiniana in 1555.
The city’s artists excelled in many spheres, but especially in the arts of drawing and design: Antwerp prints travelled throughout the Habsburg realms and beyond. Designs derived from them can be found in mission churches in the Andes, on tombstones in remote Scottish graveyards, on Chinese ceramics made under Jesuit auspices, and on metalwork and title pages throughout the early modern world.
‘Bruegel to Rubens: Great Flemish Drawings’ at the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford until 23 June, 2024 offers a glimpse of the multiple possibilities and uses of drawing in Flanders, and takes a broad view of what might be defined as a drawing.
Preparatory studies for grand paintings are represented here, as in Rubens’ casually massive charcoal study of a nude male torso, which reappears in his Raising of the Cross (1610–11) in Antwerp Cathedral.
There are delicate, sardonic pages from friendship albums; designs for tapestries, title pages, stained glass; jewel-colored studies of tulips, roses and insects painted on vellum by Joris Hoefnagel; delicate watercolor landscapes, glimmering like enamel, that are finished works in themselves, such as The Fall of Icarus (1590) by Hans Bol.
Photos and more info at https://www.apollo-magazine.com/b…
About Wednesday 27 March 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
Re Vincent and bubbles, on wondering whether Sam knew about the tulip bubble of 1637 ...
I expect Pepys knew many rich people lost money buying tulip bulbs when the market crashed 25 years ago -- and he must have enjoyed looking at tulips in rich people's gardens. But whether he, or anyone else, appreciated what a bubble was/is, probably not.
He did observe, for instance, the problems with obtaining mourning clothes when everyone in the nation went into mourning at the same time. That's a form of bubble.
About Christopher Wren
San Diego Sarah • Link
An unusual look at some of Wren's work -- the view from the rooves (or roofs if you prefer) and some historical notes from his major works:
https://londonist.substack.com/p/…
About Tuesday 26 March 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
"No anesthetics."
Over the next 8 years there will be many discussions about what pain killers were available. I consolodated many of them into a long post in the OPIUM section of our Encyclopedia:
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
No they are not spoilers: Pepys has a stone feast every year, so every year we confront the same awful realization of how much courage having this operation took.
And you did click through on "cut of the stone," didn't you ... more gruesome details there.
And you're right: No malpractice insurance, because 99 per cent of what the doctors did would be considered malpractice today. You were better served by the apothocaries and herbalists, and that could be an adventure too!
But you can die of the stone as well as from the operation to remove it. Take your pick.
About Wednesday 27 March 1661
San Diego Sarah • Link
Glad to hear you know the drill, MartinVT.
In Pepys' defense, Elizabeth only had her period, and inconvenient as it was without acetaminophen pills, she isn't "ill". Food and a hot water bottle (a hot stone or potato in Pepys' day) is all that's necessary. One doesn't feel like socializing.
About Arthur Annesley (1st Earl of Anglesey, Treasurer of the Navy 1667-8)
San Diego Sarah • Link
CONCLUSION:
Oliver Cromwell appears to have delayed Dr. Samuel Annesley DCL’s preferment but, in July 1657, he allowed Annesley a Sunday afternoon lectureship at St. Paul's (at £120 as opposed to his predecessor's £400 per year).
Annesley's importance in the Puritan movement grew. He lectured at St. Paul's Cathedral Dec. 1657-June, 1659, and was presented to St. Giles Cripplegate by Richard Cromwell in 1658.
Dr. Samuel Annesley was made a commissioner for approbation of ministers in 1660, and in 1661 he edited a popular sermon collection, The Morning-Exercise at Cripple-Gate (in 4 editions by 1677).
But the Church of England had little room for an unbending Presbyterian and his successor was installed at St. Giles in Nov., 1662.
Dr. Samuel Annesley continued to live in London and, by 1664, was holding conventicles in his house.
In Sept. 1668 Annesley was one of 10 eminent divines, including Richard Baxter and John Owen, nominated to debate whether to seek comprehension or toleration.
In Sir Joseph Williamson's memorable terminology, Dr. Samuel Annesley was a young 'duckling' taking to the 'waters' of separatism, as opposed to the older 'dons' like Richard Baxter (although Baxter was only 4 years his senior), who sought a wider Church of England.
Annesley was one of several London Presbyterians who began erecting new meeting-houses before the 1672 indulgence. His Spitalfields meeting-house was constructed 'with pulpit and seats' in 1669, and he was convicted at least 3 times for preaching there in 1670.
For the whole of Dr. Sam's life, see https://www.oxforddnb.com/display…
So he's one of the Nonconformists that Pepys complains about.
About Arthur Annesley (1st Earl of Anglesey, Treasurer of the Navy 1667-8)
San Diego Sarah • Link
Annesley was a "moderate puritan" according to our first annotation above, and I presume he adopted the Church of England in order to be eligible to become a Commissioner. But that was not true of his cousin:
Samuel Annesley (1620-1696) was born at Haseley, Warks.,and baptized on 26 March 1620, the son of John (d. c. 1629) and Judith Annesley of that parish. He went to school in Haseley and at Coventry grammar school.
His funeral preacher, Dr. Daniel Williams, claimed that his 'parents dedicated him from the womb' to the ministry, and that he read 20 chapters in the Bible every day from when he was 6.
Annesley matriculated at Queen's College, Oxford, in Oct. 1636, graduated BA in 1639, and proceeded Doctor of Civil Law in Apr. 1648.
Anglican critics — Thomas Barlow, Anthony Wood — thought Annesley had little learning and was 'dull, yet industrious', and he may have been somewhat of an autodidact. Wood even claimed Annesley had solicited the DCL [Doctor of Civil Law] when he learned that as incumbent at Cliffe, Kent he was required to keep a church court.
Wood also claimed Annesley changed his name to claim a relationship with Arthur Annesley, 1st Earl of Anglesey, although the earl really was his cousin.
Dr. Samuel Annesley married Mary Hill (d. 1646), of Barford, Warks., on 21 July, 1641, at All Hallows, Bread Street, London. They had at least one son, Samuel (1645-1650).
Dr. Samuel Annesley DCL may have been lecturer at Chatham from Dec. 1642.
Annesley was incumbent at Cliffe c. 1644-1652. His ejected predecessor's followers attacked him with sticks and stones, but at his departure many parishioners supported him.
Annesley was ordained by Presbyters on 18 Dec., 1644 as chaplain to the Lord Admiral Robert Rich, 2nd Earl of Warwick.
In Aug. 1648, soon after Annesley delivered a fast sermon to the Commons urging them not to treat with King Charles any more, the Commons desired him to attend the lord admiral at sea (and he dedicated the fast sermon 'from abord the George riding of Goree in Holland').
Annesley later claimed he had always 'publicly detested the horrid murder' of King Charles and his frank words against Cromwell had lost him a living worth £200-£300 per year. Critics noted he 'fell in with the rebellious times' and that he took the Engagement.
Between 1646 and 1653 Dr. Samuel Annesley married Mary (d. 1693), probably a daughter of John White (aka Century White), the feoffee for impropriations and parliamentarian scourge of scandalous and malignant clergy.
They had at least 7 daughters and 3 sons.
During the interregnum Dr. Samuel Annesley probably held the London living of St. John the Evangelist, Friday Street, and in 1655 published 2 sermons preached at St. Paul's Cathedral and another preached at St. Lawrence Jewry.
About A bill of exchange
San Diego Sarah • Link
Phil has given us a page for FINANCE in general, which also has info on Bills of Exchange.
https://www.pepysdiary.com/encycl…
About Financial transactions
San Diego Sarah • Link
For a picture of a Pepys' era Bill of Exchange -- with his signature on it! -- and information about how they are used, see https://www.pepysdiary.com/indept…