Daily entries from the 17th century London diary
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Louis XIII (September 27, 1601 – May 14, 1643) ruled as King of France and Navarre from 1610 to 1643.
[edit] Early life
Born at the Château de Fontainebleau, Louis XIII was the eldest child of Henry IV of France (1589–1610) and Marie de' Medici. As the eldest son of the king, he was a Fils de France. His father was the first Bourbon King of France, having succeeded his ninth cousin, Henry III of France (1574–89), in application of the Salic law. Louis XIII's paternal grandparents were Antoine de Bourbon, Duke of Vendome and Jeanne d'Albret, Queen of Navarre; his maternal grandparents were Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany and Johanna, archduchess of Austria.
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Louis XIII ascended to the throne in 1610, at the age of eight and a half, upon the assassination of his father. His mother acted as Regent until Louis XIII came of age at thirteen, but she clung to power unofficially until in frustration he took the reins of government into his own hands at the age of fifteen. The assassination of Concino Concini (April 24, 1617), who had greatly influenced Marie's policymaking, and Marie's own exile to Blois, removed her from power. Louis then came into his own as ruler of France. He filled his court with loyal friends and sidelined those who remained loyal to his mother. Under Louis XIII's rule, the Bourbon Dynasty sustained itself effectively on the throne that Henry IV had recently secured; but the question of freedom of religion continued to haunt the country.
The brilliant and energetic Cardinal Richelieu played a major role in Louis XIII's administration from 1624, decisively shaping the destiny of France for the next 18 years. As a result of Richelieu's work, Louis XIII became one of the first exemplars of an absolute monarch. Under Louis XIII the Hapsburgs were humiliated, the French nobility was firmly kept in line behind their King, and the political and military privileges granted to the Huguenots by his father were retracted (while their religious freedoms were maintained). Furthermore, Louis XIII had the port of Le Havre modernized and built up a powerful navy. Unfortunately time and circumstances never permitted King and Cardinal to attend to the administrative reforms (particularly of France's tax system) which were urgently needed.
| Coin of Louis XIII, struck 1612 | |
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| Obverse: (Latin) LUVS XIII, R[EX} DE FRAN[CE] ET NAVA[RRE], or in English, "Louis XIII, King of France and Navarre." | Reverse: (Latin) DOVBLE TOVRNOIS, 1612, or in English, "Double Tournois, 1612." |
The King also worked to reverse the trend of promising French artists to leave for Italy to work and study. Louis XIII commissioned the great artists Nicolas Poussin and Philippe de Champaigne to decorate the Louvre. In foreign matters, Louis XIII organized the development and administration of New France, expanding the settlement of New France westward along the Saint Lawrence River from Quebec City to Montreal.
[edit] Personal relationships
On November 9, 1615, aged only 14, Louis XIII was married to a Habsburg Princess, Anne of Austria (1601–66), daughter of King Philip III of Spain (1578–1621). This marriage followed a tradition of cementing military and political alliances between the Catholic powers of France and Spain with royal marriages. The tradition went back to the marriage of King Philip II of Spain with the French princess, Élisabeth de Valois, the daughter of King Henry II of France, in 1559 as part of the Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis. Their sexual relationship did not begin (other than the consummation of the wedding) until 1619 (when he was 18)[1]. The marriage, like many Bourbon-Habsburg relationships, was only briefly happy, and the King's duties often kept them apart. After 23 years of marriage and four miscarriages, Anne finally gave birth to a son in 1638.
There is no evidence whether Louis had mistresses (consequently earning the tile of 'Louis the Chaste'), but persistent rumours insinuated that the King may have been homosexual or at least bisexual. Tallemant des Réaux, in his Historiettes, gives quite explicit (but inevitably second-hand) descriptions of what happened in the king's bed.[2] A liaison with an equerry, Francois de Baradas, ended after favour was lost when Baradas fought a duel after duelling had been forbidden by royal decree[3]
Though Richelieu was firmly in charge of French policies, the King's favorites left their mark on the reign. The first was the Duc de Luynes, 23 years his senior, who was the boy's closest adult friend and adviser at the outset of his reign. The last of the King's favorites (1639–42) was the much younger Marquis de Cinq-Mars, who was executed for conspiring with the Spanish enemy in time of war. The spoiled young aristocrat was beautiful and splendidly dressed; but the gloomy king was captivated and rejuvenated by the dashing youth. Louis' letters to Richelieu are filled with anguished complaints about the distress their lover's quarrels caused him. Tallemant describes how on a royal journey, the king "sent M. le Grand to undress, who returned, adorned like a bride. 'To bed, to bed' he said to him impatiently... and the mignon was not in before the king was already kissing his hands." Cinq Mars, who was himself an ardent womaniser, merely tolerated these passionate attentions[4]
After Louis XIII's death in 1643, his wife Anne acted as regent for their four-year-old son, Louis XIV of France (1638–1715).
[edit] Ancestors
[edit] Marriage and issue
On November 24, 1615, Louis XIII married Anne of Austria (September 22, 1601 – January 20, 1666). They were childless for almost twenty-three years and almost hopeless when the heir to the throne, the future Louis XIV, was born. Many regarded this birth as a divine miracle and, in show of gratitude to God for the long-awaited birth of an heir to the French throne, his parents named him Louis-Dieudonné (“God-given”). As another sign of gratitude, according to several interpretations, seven months before his birth, France was dedicated by his father, Louis XIII, to the Virgin Mary, who, many believed, had interceded for the perceived miracle.[5][6][7] However, the text of the dedication does not mention the royal pregnancy and birth as one of its reasons. Also, Louis XIII himself is said to have expressed his skepticism with regards to the miracle after his son's birth.[8]
The couple had the following children:
| Name | Birth | Death | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| stillborn child | December 1619 | December 1619 | |
| stillborn child | March 14, 1622 | March 14, 1622 | |
| stillborn child | 1626 | 1626 | |
| stillborn child | April 1631 | April 1631 | |
| Louis XIV, King of France | September 5, 1638 | September 1, 1715 | Married Maria Theresa of Spain (1638 - 1683) in 1660. Had issue. |
| Philippe I, Duke of Orléans | September 21, 1640 | June 8, 1701 | Married (1) Henrietta Anne, Princess of England (1644 - 1670) in 1661. Had issue. Married (2) Elizabeth Charlotte, Princess Palatine (1652 - 1722) in 1671. Had issue. |
[edit] Louis XIII in fiction and film
- Louis XIII, his wife Anne, and Cardinal Richelieu all became central figures in Alexandre Dumas, père's novel, The Three Musketeers and subsequent film adaptations. The book depicts Louis as a man willing to have Richelieu as a powerful advisor but aware of his scheming. Films such as George Sidney's or Richard Lester's tend to treat Louis XIII as comical character by depicting him as a bumbling, incompetent king.
- Louis XIII, his wife Anne, Cardinal Richelieu, Cardinal Mazarin and members of the royal family are mentioned throughout the course of the 1632 Series.
- Louis XIII also appears in novels of Robert Merle's Fortune de France series.
- Ken Russell directed the film The Devils, in which Louis XIII is a significant character, albeit one with no resemblance to the real man. Louis XIII is portrayed as an effeminate homosexual who amuses himself by shooting Protestants dressed up as birds. The film was based on Aldous Huxley's book The Devils of Loudun.
- Louis XIII also appears in the Doctor Who audio drama The Church and the Crown.
[edit] Bibliography
- ^ citation needed
- ^ "The King gave his first sign of affection for anybody in the person of his coachman, Saint-Amour. After that he showed kindly feeling for Haran, the keeper of his dogs."
- ^ Louis Cromption, Homosexuality and Civilization, London, 1991. The grandson of Henry III, Saint-Luc, penned the irreverent rhyme: 'Become a bugger, Baradas / if you are not already one / like Maugiron my grandfather / and La Valette'.
- ^ Louis Cromption, Homosexuality and Civilization, London, 1991
- ^ Our Lady of Graces and the birth of Louis XIV The website of the Sanctuary of Our Lady at Cotignac, Provence. Retrieved on 2008-01-24
- ^ Henri Bremond. La Provence mystique au XVIIe siècle. Paris: Plon-Nourrit, 1908. p. 381. "Sans l'assurance d'avoir un fils, Louis XIII n'aurait pas fait le voeu de 1638." Translation: "Without the assurance of having a son, Louis XIII would not have made the vow of 1638."
- ^ "Louis XIV". MSN Encata (2008). Retrieved on 2008-01-20.
- ^ Claude Dulong. Anne d’Autriche. Paris: Hachette, 1980. "Irrité de voir tant de courtisans parler de "miracle", Louis XIII aurait répliqué que "ce n'était point là si grand miracle qu'un mari couchât avec sa femme et lui fasse un enfant." Translation: "Irritated to see so many courtiers speak of a “miracle”, Louis XIII is said to have replied: “it was not such a great miracle that a husband slept with his wife and made her a child.”"
- Moote, A. Lloyd. Louis XIII, the Just. Berkeley, CA; Los Angeles; London: University of California Press, 1991 (paperback, ISBN 0-520-07546-3).
- Willis, Daniel A. (comp). The Descendants of Louis XIII. Clearfield, 1999.
- Huxley, Aldous. "The Devils of Loudun". The 1952 book tells the story of the trial of Urbain Grandier, priest of the town who was tortured and burned at the stake in 1634.
[edit] See also
- Absolute monarchy in France
- French monarchs family tree
- Charles II of Guise-Lorraine, Duke of Elbeuf
[edit] External links
- The Three Musketeers, available at Project Gutenberg.
- The French Army 1600-1900
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Louis XIII of France
Cadet branch of the Capetian dynasty
Born: 27 September 1601 Died: 14 May 1643 |
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| Regnal titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Henri IV |
King of France 14 May 1610 – 20 October 1620 |
Titles unified |
| King of Navarre as Louis II 14 May 1610 – 20 October 1620 |
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| Co-Prince of Andorra 14 May 1610 – 20 October 1620 |
Title merged into French crown | |
| New title former Titles unified
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King of France and Navarre 20 October 1620 – 14 May 1643 |
Succeeded by Anne of Austria (regent) Louis XIV |
| Preceded by Felipe IV of Spain |
Count of Barcelona as Lluís I 1641 – 14 May 1643 |
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| French royalty | ||
| Preceded by François II |
Dauphin of France 27 September 1601 – 14 May 1610 |
Succeeded by Louis XIV |
| Preceded by Henri IV |
Dauphin of Viennois as Louis IV 27 September 1601 – 14 May 1610 |
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References in the diary
- 1662
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Nov: 10