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Thomas Fairfax, 3rd Lord Fairfax of Cameron (17 January 1612 – 12 November 1671) was a general and parliamentary commander-in-chief during the English Civil War.
[edit] Early life
Born at Denton Hall, near Otley, Yorkshire, Fairfax was the eldest son of Ferdinando Fairfax, 2nd Lord Fairfax of Cameron. He studied at St John's College, Cambridge (1626–29), and then proceeded to the Netherlands to serve as a volunteer with the English army in the Low Countries under Sir Horace (Lord) Vere. This connection led to one still closer; in the summer of 1637 Fairfax married Anne Vere, the daughter of the general.
[edit] Pre-Civil War events
The Fairfaxes, father and son, though serving at first under King Charles I (Thomas commanded a troop of horse, and was knighted by the king in 1640), were opposed to the arbitrary prerogative of the Crown, and Sir Thomas declared that "his judgment was for the Parliament as the king and kingdom's great and safest council". When Charles endeavoured to raise a guard for his own person at York, intending it, as the event afterwards proved, to form the nucleus of an army, Fairfax was employed to present a petition to his sovereign, entreating him to hearken to the voice of his parliament, and to discontinue the raising of troops. This was at a great meeting of the freeholders and farmers of Yorkshire convened by the king on Heworth Moor near York. Charles evaded receiving the petition, pressing his horse forward, but Fairfax followed him and placed the petition on the pommel of the king's saddle.
[edit] The Civil War
War broke out, Lord Fairfax was appointed general of the Parliamentary forces in the north, and his son, Sir Thomas, was made lieutenant-general of the horse under him. Both father and son distinguished themselves in the campaigns in Yorkshire.
Sometimes severely defeated, more often successful, and always energetic, prudent and resourceful, they contrived to keep up the struggle until the crisis of 1644, when York was held by the Marquess of Newcastle against the combined forces of the English Parliamentarians and the Scots, and Prince Rupert hastened with all available forces to its relief. A gathering of eager national forces within a few square miles of ground naturally led to a battle, and Marston Moor (2 July 1644) proved decisive for the struggle in the north. The younger Fairfax bore himself with the greatest gallantry in the battle, and though severely wounded managed to join Oliver Cromwell and the victorious cavalry on the other wing. One of his brothers, Colonel Charles Fairfax, was killed in the action. But the Marquess of Newcastle fled the kingdom, and the Royalists abandoned all hope of retrieving their affairs. The city of York was taken, and nearly the whole north submitted to the Parliament.
In the south and west of England, however, the Royalist cause was still strong. The war had lasted two years, and the nation began to complain of the contributions that were exacted, and the excesses that were committed by the military. Dissatisfaction was expressed with the military commanders, and, as a preliminary step to reform, the Self-denying Ordinance was passed. This involved the removal of the Earl of Essex from the supreme command, along with other Members of Parliament. This was followed by the New Model Ordinance, which replaced the locally raised Parliamentary regiments with a unified army. Sir Thomas Fairfax was selected as the new lord general with Cromwell as his lieutenant-general and cavalry commander. After a short preliminary campaign the "New Model" justified its existence, and "the rebels' new brutish general", as the king called him, proved his capacity as commander-in-chief in the decisive victory of Naseby (14 June 1645). The king fled to Wales. Fairfax besieged Leicester, and was successful at Taunton, Bridgwater and Bristol. The whole west was soon reduced.
Fairfax arrived in London on 12 November 1645. In his progress towards the capital he was accompanied by applauding crowds. Complimentary speeches and thanks were presented to him by both houses of parliament, along with a jewel of great value set with diamonds, and a sum of money. The king had returned from Wales and established himself at Oxford, where there was a strong garrison, but, ever vacillating, he withdrew secretly, and proceeded to Newark to throw himself into the arms of the Scots. Oxford capitulated following the final siege of Oxford, and by the end of September 1646 Charles had neither army nor garrison in England, following the surrender of Thomas Blagge at Wallingford Castle after a siege conducted by Fairfax. In January 1647 he was delivered up by the Scots to the commissioners of parliament. Fairfax met the king beyond Nottingham, and accompanied him during the journey to Holdenby, treating him with the utmost consideration in every way. "The general", said Charles, "is a man of honour, and keeps his word which he had pledged to me."
With the collapse of the Royalist cause came a confused period of negotiations between the Parliament and the king, between the king and the Scots, and between the Presbyterians and the Independents in and out of Parliament. In these negotiations the New Model Army soon began to take a most active part. The lord general was placed in the unpleasant position of intermediary between his own officers and Parliament. To the grievances, usual in armies of that time, concerning arrears of pay and indemnity for acts committed on duty, there was quickly added the political propaganda of the Independents, and in July the person of the king was seized by Cornet Joyce, a subaltern of cavalry — an act which sufficiently demonstrated the hopelessness of controlling the army by its articles of war. It had, in fact, become the most formidable political party in the realm, and pressed straight on to the overthrow of Parliament and the punishment of Charles.
Fairfax was more at home in the field than at the head of a political committee, and, finding events too strong for him, he sought to resign his commission as commander-in-chief. He was, however, persuaded to retain it. He thus remained the titular chief of the army party, and with the greater part of its objects he was in complete, sometimes most active, sympathy. Shortly before the outbreak of the second Civil War, Fairfax succeeded his father in the barony and in the office of governor of Hull. In the field against the English Royalists in 1648 he displayed his former energy and skill, and his operations culminated in the successful siege of Colchester, after the surrender of which place he approved the execution of the Royalist leaders' Sir Charles Lucas and Sir George Lisle, holding that these officers had broken their parole. At the same time Cromwell's great victory of Preston crushed the Scots, and the Independents became practically all-powerful.
John Milton, in a sonnet written during the siege of Colchester, called upon the lord general to settle the kingdom, but the crisis was now at hand. Fairfax was in agreement with Cromwell and the army leaders in demanding the punishment of Charles, and he was still the effective head of the army. He approved, if he did not take an active part in, Pride's Purge (6 December 1648), but on the last and gravest of the questions at issue he set himself in deliberate and open opposition to the policy of the officers. He was placed at the head of the judges who were to try the king, and attended the preliminary sitting of the court. Then, convinced at last that the king's death was intended, he refused to act. In calling over the court, when the crier pronounced the name of Fairfax, a lady in the gallery called out that the Lord Fairfax was not there in person, that he would never sit among them, and that they did him wrong to name him as a commissioner. This was Lady Fairfax, who could not forbear, as Bulstrode Whitelocke says, to exclaim aloud against the proceedings of the High Court of Justice.
His last service as commander-in-chief was the suppression of the Leveller mutiny at Burford in May 1649. He had given his adhesion to the new order of things, and had been reappointed lord general. But he merely administered the affairs of the army, and when in 1650 the Scots had declared for Charles II, and the council of state resolved to send an army to Scotland in order to prevent an invasion of England, Fairfax resigned his commission. Cromwell was appointed his successor, "captain-general and commander-in-chief of all the forces raised or to be raised at authority of Parliament within the Commonwealth of England."
[edit] After the fighting
Fairfax received a pension of £5000 a year, and lived in retirement at his Yorkshire home of Nunappleton till after the death of the Lord Protector. Nunappleton and Fairfax's retirement there are the subject of Andrew Marvell's country house poem, 'Upon Appleton House'. The troubles of the later Commonwealth recalled Lord Fairfax to political activity, and for the last time his appearance in arms helped to shape the future of the country, when George Monck invited him to assist in the operations about to be undertaken against John Lambert's army. In December 1659 he appeared at the head of a body of Yorkshire gentlemen, and such was the influence of Fairfax's name and reputation that 1200 horse quitted Lambert's colours and joined him. This was speedily followed by the breaking up of all Lambert's forces, and that day secured the restoration of the monarchy. A "free" Parliament was called; Fairfax was elected member for Yorkshire, and was put at the head of the commission appointed by the House of Commons to wait upon Charles II, at the Hague and urge his speedy return. Of course the "merry monarch, scandalous and poor", was glad to obey the summons, and Fairfax provided the horse on which Charles rode at his coronation.
The remaining 11 years of the life of Lord Fairfax were spent in retirement at his seat in Yorkshire. He must, like Milton, have been sorely grieved and shocked by the scenes that followed – the brutal indignities offered to the remains of his companions in arms, Cromwell and Ireton, the sacrifice of Henry Vane the Younger, and the factious splintering that undermined the effectiveness of Caroline Parliament. Fairfax died at Nunappleton, and was buried at Bilbrough, near York.
[edit] Analysis
As a soldier he was exact and methodical in planning, in the heat of battle "so highly transported that scarce any one durst speak a word to him" (Whitelocke), chivalrous and punctilious in his dealings with his own men and the enemy. Honour and conscientiousness were equally the characteristics of his private and public character. But his modesty and distrust of his powers made him less effectual as a statesman than as a soldier, and above all he is placed at a disadvantage by being both in war and peace overshadowed by his associate Cromwell.
Fairfax had a taste for literature. He translated some of the Psalms, and wrote poems on solitude, the Christian warfare, the shortness of life, etc. During the last year or two of his life he wrote two Memorials which have been published – one on the northern actions in which he was engaged in 1642-1644, and the other on some events in his tenure of the chief command. At York and at Oxford he endeavoured to save the libraries from pillage, and he enriched the Bodleian with some valuable manuscripts.
The metaphysical poet Andrew Marvell authored "Upon Appleton House, To My Lord Fairfax", nominally about Fairfax's home, but also his character as well as England during his era.
Lord Fairfax of Cameron's only daughter, Mary Fairfax, was married to George Villiers, the profligate duke of Buckingham of Charles II's court.
[edit] Other
The Fairfax cup presented at the York International 9s rugby league festival is named after Thomas Fairfax.
Fairfax House, a 92 bedroom student accommodation house located within the University of York is named after Sir Thomas Fairfax.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.
[edit] Further reading
- Fairfax's correspondence, edited by G.W. Johnson, was published in 1848-1849 in four volumes (see note thereon in Dict. Nat. Biogr.), and a life of him by Clements R Markham in 1870. See also Samuel Rawson Gardiner, History of the Great Civil War (1893).
- Rider of the White Horse (1959) by Rosemary Sutcliff gives a fictional account, based closely on the historical record, of the early part of the civil war viewed from the point of Fairfax's wife.
| Head of State of the Isle of Man | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by James Stanley |
Lord of Mann 1651–1660 |
Succeeded by Charles Stanley |
| Peerage of Scotland | ||
| Preceded by Ferdinando Fairfax |
Lord Fairfax of Cameron | Succeeded by Henry Fairfax |
1893 text
Thomas, Lord Fairfax, Generalissimo of the Parliament forces. After the Restoration, he retired to his country seat, where he lived in private till his death, 1671. In a volume (autograph) of Lord Fairfax’s Poems, preserved in the British Museum, 11744, f. 42, the following lines occur upon the 30th of January, on which day the King was beheaded. It is believed that they have never been printed.
O let that day from time be bloted quitt, And beleef of ‘t in next age be waved, In depest silence that act concealed might, That so the creadet of our nation might be saved; But if the powre devine hath ordered this, His will’s the law, and our must aquiess.
These wretched verses have obviously no merit; but they are curious as showing that Fairfax, who had refused to act as one of Charles I’s judges; continued long afterwards to entertain a proper horror for that unfortunate monarch’s fate. It has recently been pointed out to me, that the lines were not originally composed by Fairfax, being only a poor translation of the spirited lines of Statius (Sylvarum lib. v. cap. ii. l. 88)
Excidat illa dies aevo, ne postera credant Secula, nos certe taceamus; et obruta multa Nocte tegi propria patiamur crimina gentis.
These verses were first applied by the President de Thou to the massacre of St. Bartholomew, 1572; and in our day, by Mr. Pitt, in his memorable speech in the House of Commons, January, 1793, after the murder of Louis XVI. — B.
Annotations
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these lines certainly show the sensitive nature of the great military commander. in keeping with his background Fairfax would not have wished to see the appalling execution of Charles 1, which in its era shocked the entire world. Fairfax appreciated the arts as he had his daughter tutored by Andrew marvell.
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“Black Tom” Fairfax
What a story this man’s life makes! A fascinating biographical sketch of Fairfax can be found on this web page, part of a larger website (“British Civil Wars, Commonwealth and Protectorate 1638-1660”) that’s chock full of information:
http://www.skyhook.co.uk/civwar/biog/fairfax.htm
Here’s a summary of what that web page says (all quotes are from it):
He was born in 1612 in Yorkshire and educated at Cambridge, 1626. Three years later, Fairfax joined Sir Horace Vere’s army, fighting for the Dutch in the Thirty Years War. Then he joined Vere’s family, marrying his daughter, Anne. In the First Bishop’s War, he marched with Charles I, who knighted him in 1640.
That didn’t stop him from siding with the Roundheads, however, and he fought with them in the north of England. “Known as ‘Black Tom’ for his dark complexion, Sir Thomas gained a reputation as a gallant and courageous commander, though his fortunes were mixed.”
In October 1643 he first collaborated with a colonel in the Eastern Association army — Oliver Cromwell. Appointed Lord General of the New Model Army in 1645, Fairfax “was a strict disciplinarian and did much to establish the high code of personal conduct for which the New Model became famous.”
He was victorious in a string of important battles between Roundheads and Cavaliers. On the death of his father, Ferdinando, in 1648, Thomas became the 3rd Lord Fairfax.
“Fairfax became increasingly worried at events leading up to the King’s [Charles I] trial because all the army’s actions were carried out nominally under his name. Although he was appointed one of the commissioners of the High Court of Justice, Fairfax did not attend the King’s trial. When his name was called, his wife, Anne, famously cried out, ‘He hath more wit than to be here,’ before being forcibly removed from the courtroom. During the execution of the King, Fairfax is said to have been detained at a prayer meeting by Cromwell and Colonel Harrison.”
He resigned as Lord General in 1650 rather than invade Scotland.
His daughter, Mary, married the Duke of Buckingham in 1657, which proved fortunate for both Fairfax and Buckingham. The duke was in secret communication with Charles II, and in 1658 Buckingham was arrested and sent to the Tower. “Fairfax came to London to intercede for him, quarrelling bitterly with Cromwell” just days before the Protector died.
After the Restoration, Fairfax’s son-in-law returned the favor in kind, for he “probably saved him [Fairfax] from being condemned as a regicide.” Instead of the gallows or prison, Fairfax spent a quiet retirement in Yorkshire until his death in 1671.
In December 1659, General Monck in Scotland prepared to march south against Lambert. Fairfax raised the gentry in his native Yorkshire in Monck’s support. On Jan. 1, Fairfax seized York from Colonel Robert Lilburne, the very day Monck crossed the Tweed into England (a result of close coordination or just a coincidence?). “Fairfax handed York over to Monck and urged him to restore the Monarchy.”
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Fairfax and Monck, 1659-60
Fairfax and George Monck, who was in charge of the army in Scotland, worked together against Lambert and the Committee of Safety, according to historian J.R. Tanner:
“On January 2, 1660, Monk crossed the Tweed at the head of 5,000 foot and 2,000 horse. As early as November, 1659, he had been in negotiations with Fairfax — the one Parliamentary general left of high character and entirely unstained reputation — and on January 1 Fairfax and his friends had occupied York in arms. This was an accession of vital importance, for his [Fairfax’s] influence was still strong among the soldiers he had once commanded, and this may very well have been one of the causes of the disintegration of Lambert’s army.”
—“English Constitutional Conflicts of the Seventeenth Century,” (1928) Lecture XIII, “The Restoration,” p. 206 (1966 edition).
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Fairfax, Pepys: 2 degrees separation
A sister of Thomas Fairfax married Thomas Widdrington, who became a member of the council of state in 1651, speaker of the Commons in September 1656 and chief baron of the Exchequer, where Pepys worked, in June 1658. Thomas’s brother, Ralph, was a professor at Cambridge and wrote to Pepys’s father (see entry 22 Jan. 1660) about the younger John Pepys possibly entering Cambridge. Edward Widdrington, a relative of both of these Widdringtons, lived in the Axe Yard at the same time Pepys did, according to Claire Tomalin’s “Samuel Pepys: The Unequalled Self” (p. 68).
1911 Britannica article on the Widdringtons:
http://26.1911encyclopedia.org/W/WI/WIDDRINGTON_BARONS.htm
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Portrait of Thomas Fairfax, 3rd Baron Fairfax of Cameron
by William Faithorne, after Robert Walker from the National Portrait Gallery.http://www.npg.org.uk/live/search/portrait.asp?search=ss&sText=fairfax&LinkID=mp01522&rNo=1&role=sit