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John Evelyn

Portrait of John Evelyn
Evelyn in 1687
Born(1620-10-31)31 October 1620
Died27 February 1706(1706-02-27) (aged 85)
Occupation(s)Writer, gardener, and diarist

John Evelyn FRS (31 October 1620 – 27 February 1706) was an English writer, landowner, gardener, courtier and minor government official, who is now best known as a diarist. He was a founding Fellow of the Royal Society.

John Evelyn's diary, or memoir, spanned the period of his adult life from 1640, when he was a student, to 1706, the year he died. He did not write daily at all times. The many volumes provide insight into life and events at a time before regular magazines or newspapers were published, making diaries of greater interest to modern historians than such works might have been at later periods. Evelyn's work covers art, culture and politics, including the execution of Charles I, Oliver Cromwell's rise and eventual natural death, the last Great Plague of London, and the Great Fire of London in 1666.

John Evelyn's Diary was first published posthumously in 1818, but over the years was overshadowed by that of Samuel Pepys. Pepys wrote a different kind of diary, in the same era but covering a much shorter period, 1660–1669, and in much greater depth.[1]

Among the many subjects Evelyn wrote about, gardening was an increasing obsession, and he left a huge manuscript on the subject that was not printed until 2001. He published several translations of French gardening books, and his Sylva, or A Discourse of Forest-Trees (1664) was highly influential in its plea to landowners to plant trees, of which he believed the country to be dangerously short. Sections from his main manuscript were added to editions of this, and also published separately.

Biography

Southover Grange, Evelyn's childhood home
Evelyn painted by Robert Walker, 1648, in the fashionable deshabillé
Portrait of John Evelyn by Hendrik van der Borcht II, 1641

Born into a family whose wealth was largely founded on gunpowder production, John Evelyn was born in Wotton, Surrey, and grew up living with his grandparents in Lewes, Sussex.[2] While living in Lewes, in Southover Grange, he was educated at Lewes Old Grammar School,[3] refusing to be sent to Eton College.[4] After this he was educated at Balliol College, Oxford, and at the Middle Temple. In London, he witnessed important events such as the trials and executions of William Howard, 1st Viscount Stafford, and Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford.

In 1640 his father died, and in July 1641 he crossed to Holland. He was enrolled as a volunteer, and then encamped before Genep, on the Waal river, but his military experience was limited to six days of camp life, during which, however, he took his turn at "trailing a pike". He returned in the autumn to find England on the verge of civil war.[4] Having briefly joined the Royalist army and arrived too late for the Royalist victory at the Battle of Brentford in 1642,[5] he spent some time improving his brother's property at Wotton,[4] but then went abroad to avoid further involvement in the English Civil War.[6]

In October 1644 Evelyn visited the Roman ruins in Fréjus, Provence, before travelling on to Italy.[7] He attended anatomy lectures in Padua in 1646 and sent the Evelyn Tables back to London. These are thought to be the oldest surviving anatomical preparations in Europe; Evelyn later gave them to the Royal Society, and they are now in the Hunterian Museum. In 1644, Evelyn visited the English College at Rome, where Catholic priests were trained for service in England. In the Veneto he renewed his acquaintance with the famous art collector Thomas Howard, 21st Earl of Arundel, and toured the art collections of Venice with Arundel's grandson and heir, later Duke of Norfolk. He acquired an ancient Egyptian stela and sent a sketch back to Rome, which was published by Father Kircher, SJ, in Kircher's Oedipus Aegyptiacus (1650), albeit without acknowledgement to Evelyn.[8]

In Florence, he commissioned the John Evelyn Cabinet (1644–46), an elaborate ebony cabinet with pietra dura and gilt-bronze panels, which is now in the Victoria and Albert Museum. It was in his London house at his death, then returned to Wotton, and is very likely the "ebony cabinet" in which his diaries were later found.[9]

In 1647 Evelyn married Mary Browne, daughter of Sir Richard Browne, the English ambassador in Paris.[10] During the next few years he travelled back and forth between France and England, corresponding with Browne in the royalist interest, including a meeting with Charles I in 1647.

During the Commonwealth of England period, Evelyn desired to maintain using the Church of England's Anglican practices. Among these was worship according to the Book of Common Prayer. Though prayer book had been outlawed and replaced by the Directory for Public Worship, Evelyn was able to find and worship at prayer book services, including in London. At one such service–held on Christmas Day, 1657–Evelyn reported that Parliamentarians "held their muskets against us as we came up to receive the Sacred Elements". Evelyn would also recount regular usage of the prayer book's offices and its calendar with his family inside their home.[11]

In 1651 he became convinced that the royalist cause was hopeless, and decided to return to England.[12] The following year, the couple settled in Deptford (present-day south-east London). Their house, Sayes Court (adjacent to the naval dockyard), was purchased by Evelyn from his father-in-law in 1653; Evelyn soon began to transform the gardens. In 1671, he encountered master wood-worker Grinling Gibbons (who was renting a cottage on the Sayes Court estate) and introduced him to Sir Christopher Wren. There is now an electoral ward called Evelyn in Deptford, London Borough of Lewisham.[13] He remained a royalist, had refused employment from the government of the Commonwealth, and had maintained a cipher correspondence with Charles II; in 1659 he published an Apology for the Royal Party.[12]

After the Restoration

It was after the Restoration that Evelyn's career really took off, and he enjoyed unbroken court favour until his death. He never held any important political office, although he filled many useful and minor posts. In 1660, he was a member of the group that founded the Royal Society. The following year, he wrote the Fumifugium (or The Inconveniencie of the Aer and Smoak of London Dissipated), a pamphlet on the growing air pollution problem in London.[14] He was commissioner for improving the streets and buildings of London, for examining into the affairs of charitable foundations, commissioner of the Royal Mint, and of foreign plantations. During the Second Anglo-Dutch War, beginning 28 October 1664, Evelyn served as one of four commissioners on the Sick and Hurt Board (others included Sir William D'Oyly and Sir Thomas Clifford),[15] staying at his post during the Great Plague in 1665. He found it impossible to secure sufficient money for the proper discharge of his functions, and in 1688 he was still petitioning for payment of his accounts in this business. He briefly acted as one of the commissioners of the privy seal. In 1695 he was entrusted with the office of treasurer of Greenwich hospital for retired sailors, and laid the first stone of the new building on 30 June 1696.[12]

He was known for his knowledge of trees, and had a friend and correspondent, Philip Dumaresq, who "devoted most of his time to gardening, fruit, and tree culture."[16] Evelyn's treatise, Sylva, or A Discourse of Forest-Trees (1664), was written as an encouragement to landowners to plant trees to provide timber for England's burgeoning navy. Further editions appeared in his lifetime (1670 and 1679), with the fourth edition (1706) appearing just after his death and featuring the engraving of Evelyn shown on this page (below) even though it had been made more than 50 years prior by Robert Nanteuil in 1651 in Paris. Various other editions appeared in the 18th and 19th centuries and feature an inaccurate portrait of Evelyn made by Francesco Bartolozzi.

Evelyn's motto written in a book he bought in Paris in 1651. Keep what is better

Evelyn had some training as a draftsman and artist, and created several etchings. Most of his published work, produced in the form of drawings to be engraved by others, was to illustrate his own work.

Drawing of Wotton House near Guildford by Evelyn, 1640

Following the Great Fire in 1666, closely described in his diaries, Evelyn presented the first of several plans (Christopher Wren produced another) for the rebuilding of London, all of which were rejected by Charles II largely due to the complexities of land ownership in the city. He took an interest in the rebuilding of St Paul's Cathedral by Wren (with Gibbons' artistry a notable addition). Evelyn's interest in gardens even led him to design pleasure gardens, such as those at Euston Hall.[17][18]

Evelyn was a prolific author and produced books on subjects as diverse as theology, numismatics, politics, horticulture, architecture and vegetarianism, and he cultivated links with contemporaries across the spectrum of Stuart political and cultural life. In September 1671 he travelled with the Royal court of Charles II to Norwich where he called upon Sir Thomas Browne. Like Browne and Pepys, Evelyn was a lifelong bibliophile, and by his death his library is known to have comprised 3,859 books and 822 pamphlets, his personal manuscripts, and correspondence with noble figures among England and France. It would be called the John Evelyn Archives and placed in the British Library. Included in this would be his diaries broken down into four volumes with over half a million words. Many were uniformly bound in a French taste and bear his motto Omnia explorate; meliora retinete ("explore everything; keep the better") from I Thessalonians 5, 21.[19]

His daughter, Mary Evelyn (1665–1685), has been acknowledged as the pseudonymous author of the book Mundus Muliebris of 1690. Mundus Muliebris: or, The Ladies Dressing Room Unlock'd and Her Toilette Spread. In Burlesque. Together with the Fop-Dictionary, Compiled for the Use of the Fair Sex is a satirical guide in verse to Francophile fashion and terminology, and its authorship is often jointly credited to John Evelyn,[20] who seems to have edited the work for press after his daughter's death.

In 1694 Evelyn moved back to Wotton, Surrey, as his elder brother, George, had no living sons available to inherit the estate. Evelyn inherited the estate and the family seat Wotton House on the death of his brother in 1699.[21] Sayes Court was made available for rent. Its most notable tenant was Russian Tsar Peter the Great, who lived there for three months in 1698 (and did great damage to both house and grounds).[12] The house no longer exists, but a public park of the same name can be found off Evelyn Street.[22]

Evelyn died in 1706 at his house in Dover Street, London. Wotton House and estate were inherited by his grandson John (1682–1763) later Sir John Evelyn, Bt.

Illustration from critique of Silva, or a discourse of forest-trees: terra... published in Acta Eruditorum, 1707

Family

Etching by Evelyn for his friend Thomas Henshaw, known as an alchemist

John and Mary Evelyn had eight children:

  • Richard (1652–1658)
  • John Standsfield (1653–1654)
  • John (the younger) (1655–1699)
  • George (1657–1658)
  • Richard II (1664)
  • Mary (1665–1685)
  • Elizabeth (1667–1685)
  • Susanna (1669–1754). Only Susanna outlived her parents.

Mary Evelyn died in 1709, three years after her husband. Both are buried in the Evelyn Chapel in St John's Church, Wotton.

Evelyn's epitaph (original spelling) reads:

Here lies the Body of JOHN EVELYN Esq of this place, second son of RICHARD EVELYN Esq who having served the Publick in several employments of which that Commissioner of the Privy Seal in the reign of King James the 2nd was most Honourable: and perpetuated his fame by far more lasting Monuments than those of Stone, or Brass: his Learned and useful works, fell asleep the 27th day of February 1705/6 being the 86th Year of his age in full hope of a glorious resurrection thro faith in Jesus Christ. Living in an age of extraordinary events, and revolutions he learnt (as himself asserted) this truth which pursuant to his intention is here declared. That all is vanity which is not honest and that there's no solid Wisdom but in real piety.
Of five Sons and three Daughters borne to him from his most vertuous and excellent Wife MARY sole daughter, and heiress of Sir RICHARD BROWNE of Sayes Court near Deptford in Kent onely one Daughter SUSANNA married to WILLIAM DRAPER Esq of Adscomb in this County survived him – the two others dying in the flower of their age, and all the sons very young except one nam'd John who deceased 24 March 1698/9 in the 45th year of his age, leaving one son JOHN and one daughter ELIZABETH.

Wotton House and estate passed down to Evelyn's great-great-grandson Sir Frederick Evelyn, 3rd Bt (1733–1812). The baronetcy next passed to Frederick Evelyn's cousins, Sir John Evelyn, 4th Bt (1757–1833), and Sir Hugh Evelyn, 5th Bt (1769–1848). Both these two were of unsound mind and the estate was therefore left to a remote cousin descended from the diarist's grandfather's first marriage, in whose family it remains to this day though they no longer occupy the house. The title died out in 1848. However, there are many living descendants of John Evelyn through his daughter Susanna, Mrs William Draper, and his granddaughter Elizabeth, Mrs Simon Harcourt. There are many descendants of John Evelyn's great-great-grandson, Charles Evelyn Jnr, through his daughter Susanna Prideaux (Evelyn) Wright living in New Zealand. Charles Evelyn Jnr was also the father of Sir John Evelyn, 4th Bt, and the last baronet, Sir Hugh Evelyn, 5th Bt.

In 1992 the skulls of John and Mary were stolen by persons unknown who hacked into the stone sarcophagi on the chapel floor and tore open the coffins. They have not been recovered.

Works

Sculptura, 1662, with engraved frontispiece by Evelyn
Title page of second edition of Sylva, dated 1670 although according to his Diary Evelyn presented the new edition in 1669.

John Evelyn's Diary remained unpublished as a manuscript until 1818. It is in a quarto volume containing 700 pages, covering the years between 1641 and 1697, and is continued in a smaller book – which brings the narrative down to within three weeks of its author's death. Despite entries going back to 1641, Evelyn only actually started writing his diary much later, relying on almanacs and accounts of other people for many of the previous events. A selection from this was edited by William Bray, with the permission of the Evelyn family, in 1818, under the title of Memoirs illustrative of the Life and Writings of John Evelyn, comprising his Diary from 1641 to 1705/6, and a Selection of his Familiar Letters. Other editions followed, including those of H. B. Wheatley (1879) and Austin Dobson (3 vols, 1906).[12] The modern edition is by Guy de la Bédoyère, who has also edited Evelyn's correspondence with Samuel Pepys.

Evelyn's active mind produced many other works, and although many of these have been overshadowed by the famous Diary they are of considerable interest. They include:[12]

  • Of Liberty and Servitude ... (1649), a translation from the French of François de la Mothe le Vayer, Evelyn's own copy of which contains a note that he was "like to be call'd in question by the Rebells for this booke";
  • The State of France, as it stood in the IXth year of ... Louis XIII (1652), a pamphlet drawn up from personal observations about the royal family, the court, the officials, the military forces, the institutions and customs of France;
  • An Essay on the First Book of T. Lucretius Carus de Rerum Natura. Interpreted and made English verse by J. Evelyn (1656); to his translation, Evelyn attached a commentary based on the writings of Gassendi and other philosophical atomists ;
  • The Golden Book of St John Chrysostom, concerning the Education of Children. Translated out of the Greek by J. E. (printed 1658, dated 1659);
  • The French Gardener: Instructing How to Cultivate all sorts of Fruit-Trees, and Herbs for the Garden (1658), translated from the French of Nicolas de Bonnefons;
  • A Character of England, As it was lately presented in a Letter to a Nobleman of France (1659), a satire describing the customs of the country as they would appear to a foreign observer, reprinted in Somers' Tracts (ed. Scott, 1812), and in the Harleian Miscellany (ed. Park, 1813);
  • The Late Newes, or Message from Bruxels Unmasked, and his Majesty Vindicated ... (1660), in answer to a libellous pamphlet on Charles I by Marchamont Nedham;
  • Fumifugium: or The Inconvenience of the Aer and Smoak of London Dissipated (1661), in which he suggested that sweet-smelling trees should be planted in London to purify the air;
  • Instructions Concerning Erecting of a Library ... (1661), from the French of Gabriel Naudé;
  • Tyrannus or the Mode, in a Discourse of Sumptuary Laws (1661);
  • Sculptura: or the History, and Art of Chalcography and Engraving in Copper... (1662); this contains the first account of "A new manner of Engraving, or Mezzo Tinto, communicated by his Highnesse Prince Rupert to the Author of this Treatise". In fact many think Rupert, who had played a part in the invention or perfecting of mezzotint, wrote or co-wrote this part. The frontispiece "invented" (designed) by Evelyn demonstrates his limitations as an artist of the figure, unless he was badly let down by his engraver.
  • Sylva, or a Discourse of Forest Trees and the Propagation of Timber in His Majesties Dominions to which is annexed Pomona ... Also Kalendarium Hortense ... (1664); the best known of his books; a plea for reafforestation aimed at landowners;
    Page from A Parallel of the Antient Architecture with the Modern, 1664. From the Rosenwald Collection, Library of Congress.
  • A Parallel of the Antient Architecture with the Modern (1664), from the French of Roland Fréart, to which was added an Account of Architects and Architecture from Evelyn's own pen ;
  • An Idea of the Perfection of Painting: Demonstrated From the Principles of Art, and by Examples (1668), a translation of another work by Roland Fréart;
  • The History of the three late famous Imposters, viz. Padre Ottomano, Mahomed Bei, and Sabatei Sevi ... (1669);
  • Navigation and Commerce, in which his Majesties title to the Dominion of the Sea is asserted against the Novel and later Pretenders (1674), which is a preface to a projected history of the Dutch wars undertaken at the request of Charles II., but countermanded on the conclusion of peace;
  • A Philosophical Discourse of Earth ... (1676), a treatise on horticulture, better known by its later title of Terra
  • The Compleat Gardener (1693), from the French of J. de la Quintinie;
  • Numismata. A Discourse of Medals, Antient and Modern... To which is added a Disgression concerning Physiognomy (1697);
  • Acetaria: A Discourse of Sallets... (1699), the first recorded book on salads.

Some of these were reprinted in The Miscellaneous Writings of John Evelyn, edited (1825) by William Upcott.[12]

Evelyn's friendship with Margaret Blagge, afterwards Mrs Godolphin, is recorded in the diary, when he says he designed "to consecrate her worthy life to posterity". This he effectually did in a little masterpiece of religious biography which remained in manuscript in the possession of the Harcourt family until it was edited by Samuel Wilberforce, bishop of Oxford, as the Life of Mrs Godolphin (1847), reprinted in the "King's Classics" (1904). The picture of Mistress Blagge's saintly life at court is heightened in interest when read in connexion with the scandalous memoirs of the comte de Gramont, or contemporary political satires on the court.[12]

Numerous other papers and letters of Evelyn on scientific subjects and matters of public interest are preserved, including a collection of private and official letters and papers (1642–1712) by, or addressed to, Sir Richard Browne and his son-in-law, now held by the British Library (Add MSS 15857 and 15858).[12]

The most influential of his books in his lifetime, long before the Diary was known, was Sylva. Evelyn believed that the country was being rapidly depleted of wood by industries such as glass factories and iron furnaces, while no attempt was being made to replace the damage by planting. In "Sylva", Evelyn pleaded for afforestation and asserted in his preface to the king that he had induced landowners to plant millions of trees.[12] It was a valuable work on arboriculture containing many engravings [23] of trees and their foliage to assist with identification.

He spent much of his later life working on the enormous Elysium Britannicum, covering all aspects of gardening. This was never completed, and was finally published in 2001, from his 1,000-page manuscript now in the British Library (Add MS 78432). Parts of it were published as he began to realize the main task would never be completed. These included Kalendarium Hortense, or The Gardener's Almanac – a monthly list of tasks for the gardener, Pomona on apples, and Acetaria on "sallets" (salad plants).[24]

Legacy

Detail of Engraved portrait of Evelyn by Robert Nanteuil, 1650

In 1977 and 1978 in eight auctions at Christie's, a major surviving portion of Evelyn's library was sold and dispersed.[25] The British Library holds a large archive of Evelyn's personal papers including the manuscript of his Diary.[26] The Victoria and Albert Museum has in its collection a cabinet owned by Evelyn which is thought to have housed his diaries. In 2006, a new biography by Gillian Darley, based on full access to the archive, was published.[27] In 2011 a campaign was started to restore John Evelyn's garden in Deptford.[28] William Arthur Evelyn was a descendant.

Things named for Evelyn include:

  • Evelyn, London, an electoral ward of the London Borough of Lewisham covering Deptford where John Evelyn lived.
  • Evelyn College for Women, the short-lived co-ordinate college of Princeton University, USA[29]
  • A house at Addey and Stanhope School in London, England
  • Crabtree & Evelyn, the skincare company[30]
  • Evelyn, the gossip column of Oxford student newspaper Cherwell
  • Evelyn Street, a road in Deptford
  • John Evelyn Primary School on the corner of Rolt Street, Deptford.
  • The John Evelyn public house on Evelyn Street in Deptford (as featured in the BBC Television's The Tower)
  • The Evelyn community garden, Windlass Place, Deptford
  • The Evelyn Street Baths, also known as the Clyde Street baths and Library, the baths opened in 1928 and served the Deptford community until around 1988.[31]

References

  1. ^ Chris Roberts, Heavy Words Lightly Thrown: The Reason Behind Rhyme, Thorndike Press, 2006 (ISBN 0-7862-8517-6)
  2. ^ The Kalendarium, edited by E.S. de Beer, Oxford Standard Authors Series, 1959, p. 5: "1625. I was this yeare [...] sent by my Father to Lewes in Sussex, to be wih my Grandfather, wih whom I pass'd my Child-hood."
  3. ^ The Kalendarium, p. 6: "[1630] For I was now put to shoole to one Mr. Potts in the Cliff; from whom on the 7th of Jan: [...] I went to the Free-schole at Southover neere the Towne, of which one Agnes Morley had been the Foundresse, and now Edw: Snatt the Master, under whom I remain'd till I was sent to the University."
  4. ^ a b c Chisholm 1911, p. 5.
  5. ^ The Kalendarium, p. 3: "[He] came in with [his] horse and Armes just at the retreate."
  6. ^ The Kalendarium, p. 47: "finding it impossible to evade the doing of very unhandsome things" [...], "[he] obtayn'd a Lycense of his Majestie [...] to travell againe."
  7. ^ Ted Jones (15 December 2007). The French Riviera: A Literary Guide for Travellers. Tauris Parke Paperbacks. pp. xx–. ISBN 978-1-84511-455-8.
  8. ^ Edward Chaney, The Grand Tour and the Great Rebellion (Geneva, 1985); idem, The Evolution of the Grand Tour (London, 2000), idem, "Evelyn, Inigo Jones, and the Collector Earl of Arundel", John Evelyn and his Milieu, eds. F. Harris and M. Hunter (British Library, 2003) and Edward Chaney, "Roma Britannica and the Cultural Memory of Egypt: Lord Arundel and the Obelisk of Domitian", Roma Britannica: Art Patronage and Cultural Exchange in Eighteenth-Century Rome, eds. D. Marshall, K. Wolfe and S. Russell, British School at Rome, 2011, pp. 147–70.
  9. ^ "The John Evelyn Cabinet]". Victoria & Albert Museum. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
  10. ^ Douglas D. C. Chambers, 'Evelyn, John (1620–1706)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, September 2004; online edn, January 2008, accessed 13 January 2008.
  11. ^ Maltby, Judith (2006). "Suffering and surviving: the civil wars, the Commonwealth and the formation of 'Anglicanism', 1642–60". In Durston, Christopher; Maltby, Judith (eds.). Religion in Revolutionary England. Manchester University Press. pp. 163–166. ISBN 0719064058.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Chisholm 1911, p. 6.
  13. ^ "Behind The Names: London Borough of Lewisham". South London Club. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
  14. ^ Calvert, William M. (5 March 2016). "11 - Evelyn's place: Fumifugium and the royal retreat from urban smoke". The Smoke of London: Energy and environment in the early modern city. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 173–194. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139680967.013. ISBN 978-1-1070-7300-5.
  15. ^ The Letterbooks of John Evelyn, Volume 1, (Douglas D.C. Chambers, David Galbraith, eds.) University of Toronto Press, 2014, p. 350, n.9ISBN 9781442647862
  16. ^  Goodwin, Gordon (1888). "Dumaresq, Philip (DNB00)". In Stephen, Leslie (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 16. London: Smith, Elder & Co. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
  17. ^ Owen, Jane (17 April 2014). "Duke of Grafton uses R&B to restore Euston Hall's pleasure grounds". Financial Times. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
  18. ^ "The history of Euston Estate". Euston Estate. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
  19. ^ Pearson, David (26 September 2022). "John Evelyn 1620-1706". Book Owners Online. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
  20. ^ The Miscellaneous Writings of John Evelyn Esq FRS
  21. ^ English Heritage, Wotton House, BritishListedBuildings.co.uk, retrieved 10 October 2016
  22. ^ This is the house that Peter the Great destroyed while visiting
  23. ^ "Examples of engravings from Sylva at Fine Rare Prints".
  24. ^ "John Evelyn’s Elysium Britannicum", The Gardens Trust
  25. ^ Christie, Manson & Woods Ltd. (1977) The Evelyn Library: Sold by Order of the Trustees of the Wills of J. H. C. Evelyn, deceased and Major Peter Evelyn, deceased.
  26. ^ The John Evelyn archives at the British Library
  27. ^ "Open Letters Monthly: An Arts and Literature Review » Wider Stranger Worlds". Archived from the original on 28 September 2018. Retrieved 20 January 2008.
  28. ^ See http://www.sayescourtgarden.org.uk/ Archived 26 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  29. ^ Leitch, Alexander (1978), A Princeton Companion, Princeton University Press
  30. ^ "Our Story | Cyrus Harvey | John Evelyn | the Still Room". Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 26 October 2013.
  31. ^ See 1961. Report of the Medical Officer of Health for Deptford Borough [image] Available at:<https://wellcomelibrary.org/moh/report/b18237204/37#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=37&z=-0.1377%2C0.4526%2C1.4228%2C0.5554

Sources

  • John Evelyn, ed. Guy de la Bédoyère (1997), Particular Friends: The Correspondence of Samuel Pepys and John Evelyn, Boydell and Brewer, ISBN 0-85115-697-5
  • John Evelyn, ed. Guy de la Bédoyère (1995), The Writings of John Evelyn, Boydell and Brewer, ISBN 0-85115-631-2 (full annotated texts of several of Evelyn's books and tracts; the only modern collected edition)
  • John Evelyn, The Diary of John Evelyn (excerpts)
  • John Evelyn, Diaries and Correspondence, Vol 1Vol 2Vol 3Vol 4 – edited by William Bray. London: George Bell and Sons, 1882.
  • Darley, Gillian (2006). John Evelyn: Living for Ingenuity. Yale: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11227-6.
  • This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domainChisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Evelyn, John". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 5–6.
  • 1961. Report of the Medical Officer of Health for Deptford Borough [1]
  • John Evelyn, fellow of the Royal society: author of "Sylva" (1933), Ponsonby, Arthur, William Heinemann Ltd., London

External links

24 Annotations

First Reading

vincent  •  Link

John Evelyn (Oct 1620- Feb 1706) Another Diarist, Royalist thru and thru; Wealthy, His Diary, ( an edition edited E.S. de Beer 1959) Evelyn called it 'Kalendarium' Major portions were were religeous related tracts. His epitaph worth reading. His trips abroad, around England in Coach,His entries are questionable in some areas as they were not done on the date in Question so a little memory variations.

Pedro.  •  Link

John Evelyn

John Evelyn: Between ancients and Moderns by Joseph M Levine

An article about Evelyn

http://www.google.co.uk/search?q=…

(Vincente's site, above, seems to have gone for a burton, any alternatives for the Evelyn Diary?)

dirk  •  Link

John Evelyn - re Pedro

I haven't found an alternative on the web yet, although I've tried several search engines. Some time ago I downloaded the diary files: it's these that I use now when I occasionally refer to JE's diary in annotations.

vicenzo  •  Link

John Evelyn on line at:
http://www.geocities.com/Paris/Le…
By the time he returned to England in 1652 to take up residence at a house belonging to his wife's family, Sayes Court at Deptford, he had made himself prodigiously learned, not only in classical literature but also in scientific and technical matters. He soon established himself as one of the foremost virtuosi of his day. His famous garden at Sayes Court, begun at this time, gave scope for his talent for design, his enthusiasm for French and Italian ideas, his practical skills and his strong moral and religious impulses: his conviction that `the air and genius of gardens operate upon human spirits towards virtue and sanctity'

http://greenwichpast.com/vip/writ…
Life: English diarist, author, garden designer and friend of Charles II. John Evelyn's own garden was at Sayes Court in Deptford and it is possible that he advised Charles II on the design of Greenwich Park [and author of sylva]

Mary  •  Link

A new edition of Evelyn's diary.

Everyman have recently published a new edition of Evelyn's diary. This one is edited by Roy Strong and is based on E.S. De Beer's six-volume edition. Strong provides a perceptive introduction to the work (pace Raymond Carr in today's Spectator magazine) and runs to 1000+ pages.

ISBN 1857152913
Price: £14.99

Bradford  •  Link

A new life of Evelyn, by Gillian Darley (author of "John Soane: An accidental Romantic," 1999), will be published later this year, says the contributors' page to the 31 March 2006 Times Lit. Supp.---how handy to have the new Everyman to go with it.

Bradford  •  Link

The Everyman edition Mary alerted us to has now been reviewed in the Times Literary Supplement too, weighs in at 1,013 pages, and should now be readily available from your preferred dealer, at least in the UK.

Bradford  •  Link

Gillian Darley's "John Evelyn: Living for Ingenuity" will be forthcoming from Yale Univ. Press on 31 October 2006. 416pp., 36 b/w illus., L25, says their ad and Amazon.co.uk too:

http://www.amazon.co.uk/John-Evel…

"This new biography of John Evelyn, diarist, scholar and intellectual virtuoso, is the first account to make full use of his huge unpublished archive deposited at the British Library in 1995. This crucial source evokes a broader and richer picture of Evelyn than permitted by his own celebrated diaries."
US publication will be 27 Feb. 2007.

Pedro  •  Link

John Evelyn's resevations concerning the forthcoming war.

Evelyn had wrote the following probably about the middle of 1664, as skirmishes in various parts of the world were taking place and he, like many others, saw the inevitability of declared war.

(From John Evelyn, Living for Ingenuity, by Gillian Darley.)

Evelyn had grave misgivings about war with the Dutch a nation that he particularly admired. As usual at times of stress he composed a prayer.
"Lord I have long desired of thee that thou would choose my Employment, furnish out my person and render me useful in something that might please thee." He asked for Divine blessing with his responsibilities in "this unhappy war with our neighbours" and hoped to carry out his duties "with integrity, as to his Majesties trust, and with Charity and Tenderness as to thine; that having obtained the grace and the anyways helpful to those in distress, I be remembered for Good."

Finally he prayed for the victims and relatives and, above all, an end to the war.

Pedro  •  Link

Evlyn's house...Plan of Sayes Court House and Garden.

(From site posted by Lawrence under Deptford)

This plan of the house and garden at Sayes Court shows in detail the renovations to the house and outbuildings and the new garden layout of the parterre, grove and orchard designed and carried out by John Evelyn. The property had long been held by Evelyn's wife's family as a crown lease, and he lived there from 1652 until he moved to his own ancestral home at Wotton in Surrey in 1694. The line dividing the key from the plan actually represents the dock wall. Sandwiched between the docks and the yards where cattle were slaughtered, this was not an ideal location for a tranquil garden. But at Sayes Court Evelyn, inspired by French and Italian ideas, created one of the most influential gardens of his day.

http://collectbritain.co.uk/perso…

Pedro  •  Link

Although the Snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis) is considered a native plant to Great Britain it is not recorded as growing in the wild until the 1770’s. The first mention of the name in the OED is in 1664 from John Evelyn in his Kalender of Horticulture, and Robert Boyle referred to “Those purely White Flowers that appear about the end of winter commonly called Snow Drops”.

In Gerard’s original of 1597 there is an unmistakable drawing and description, and in the revised edition around 1660 there is a footnote as “Timely flouring bulbous Violet”.

Flora Britannica by R Mabey

Second Reading

Bill  •  Link

John Evelyn, the English Peirese, was a gentleman of as universal knowledge as any of his time; and no man was more open and benevolent in the communication of it. He was particularly skilled in gardening, painting, engraving, architecture, and medals; upon all which, he has published treatises. His book on the last of these sciences, is deservedly in esteem; but is inferior to that of Mr. Obadiah Walker on the same subject. His translation of "An Idea of the Perfection of Painting," written in French by Roland Freart, and printed in 1668, is become very scarce. His "Sculptura, or the History and Art of Chalcography, and engraving in Copper," was composed at the particular request of his friend, Mr. Robert Boyle, to whom it is dedicated. But his great work, is his "Sylva ; or a Discourse of Forest Trees, and the Propagation of Timber," &c. which was the first book that was published by order of the Royal Society. He tells us, in the second edition of that valuable work, that it had been the occasion of planting two millions of timber trees. The author, who resided chiefly at Says Court, near Deptford, had one of the finest gardens in the kingdom, and was one of the best and happiest men in it. He lived to a good, but not an useless old age, and long enjoyed the shade of those flourishing trees which himself had planted. Ob. 27 Feb. 1705.6, Æt. 86.
---A Biographical History of England. J. Granger, 1775.

Third Reading

San Diego Sarah  •  Link

I found a paper by Juliet Odgers which bringing together two instances from John Evelyn’s early career, the garden at Wotton, Surrey (the principal Evelyn family estate), and another project Evelyn was closely involved in, now known as The History of the Trades.

The ‘History’ was a cornerstone of Bacon’s program for the reformation of inquiry into Nature, and Bacon was an authority of the great importance to Evelyn.

Bacon first outlined the The History of the Trades project in 1605 in his book The Advancement of Learning, with which John Evelyn was thoroughly acquainted at an early age.

Bacon intended The History of the Trades to be a comprehensive compendium of trade ‘secrets’ or craft practices (‘history’ in this context is not a past-oriented word). This knowledge was to perform a crucial part in recasting the study of nature, moving methods away from Aristotelian scholastic disputation and towards personal observation and witness.

In Bacon’s plan, if ‘experiment’ (experience and observation, but no one had yet invented the idea of an hypothesis) was to be the foundation of natural philosophy, something had to serve as a laboratory.
Formal laboratories did not become a working reality in England until John Evelyn and his generation started to erect them in their gardens and outhouses -- a good 30 years after the publication of The Advancement of Learning.

Institutional laboratories came even later, and in the absence of specific experimental facilities – ‘instruments’ Bacon calls them – the idea was that tradesmen's workshops, kitchens, brewhouses and gardens would serve as the sources of relevant ‘facts’. In these places, ‘nature’ was routinely subjected to all sorts of revealing transformations, and tradesmen were consequently in possession of a large amount of knowledge, which, when subjected to informed scrutiny, would further the natural philosopher’s understanding.

Before the trade secrets could be subjected to the philosophical scrutiny of ‘one man’s mind’, they would have to be collected, ordered and written-up into a comprehensive book, The History of the Trades.

What was needed was a young man ready to apply himself to the task – ready to persuade tradesmen to give up their secrets to further the cause of natural philosophy.

San Diego Sarah  •  Link

PART TWO

(ooops, I forgot to identify Lord Chancellor to King James, Sir Francis Bacon, as the the author referred to above. Sorry.)

Both the compilation of The History of the Trades and the subsequent philosophical scrutiny were seen as solitary tasks. The compilation had to be undertaken by a young man, or he would never have time to finish.

This combination of ‘usefulness’ and ‘philosophy’ (Evelyn’s preferred terms) was something Evelyn adopted early on and continued to work with throughout his life. It is clear from his first commonplace book that The Advancement of Learning and Hugo Grotius’ The Truth of the Christian Religion were his staple reading during the 1650s.

John Evelyn, a wealthy young man unable to find employment because he was a Royalist, for a time thought he might be the young man needed to make a serious attempt at compiling The History of the Trades.
The first evidence we have of this is from 1653, the year in which the works at Wotton were completed, when Samuel Hartlib, a great Commonwealth educator and ‘Intelligencer’, mentions Evelyn as working on the project.

The British Library holds the manuscript volume Evelyn hoped to fill with details of the Trades. He failed to enter much beyond headings – page after page is left blank– since it proved more difficult than expected to get the Tradesmen to divulge what were after all ‘secrets’ of considerable commercial value.
The size of the task must also have been an issue, proving to be well beyond Evelyn’s capacities, or the capacity of any one individual.

Eventually, in the context of the Royal Society, The History of the Trades was given a new lease of life in the new guise of a collaborative venture. John Evelyn was instrumental in embedding the History into their program.

The importance of the History to the Royal Society only declined as formal laboratories became more common, thus allowing the philosophical gentlemen increased independence from what Evelyn once called ‘mechanical and capricious persons’.

John Evelyn wrote and published on a broad range of topics including gardening, agriculture, etching and engraving, politics, natural philosophy, and painting to give an incomplete list.

The article is fascinating, and this Bacon/Royal Society aspect is only one part of it:
Water in use and philosophy at Wotton House 1670s.
A paper by Juliet Odgers: 2014
https://www.academia.edu/74608927…

San Diego Sarah  •  Link

Maybe this was John Evelyn's inspiration, both Christian and philosophical:
"Miracles are not contrary to nature, but only contrary to what we know about nature." — St. Augustine

San Diego Sarah  •  Link

"Alchemy may be compared to the man who told his sons he had left them gold buried somewhere in his vineyard; where they by digging found no gold, but by turning up the mould about the roots of their vines, procured a plentiful vintage. So the search and endeavors to make gold have brought many useful inventions and instructive experiments to light." -- Francis Bacon (1561-1626)

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