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Tuesday 11 December 1660

My wife and I up very early this day, and though the weather was very bad and the wind high, yet my Lady Batten and her maid and we two did go by our barge to Woolwich (my Lady being very fearfull) where we found both Sir Williams and much other company, expecting the weather to be better, that they might go about weighing up the Assurance, which lies there (poor ship, that I have been twice merry in, in Captn. Holland’s time,) under water, only the upper deck may be seen and the masts. Captain Stoakes is very melancholy, and being in search for some clothes and money of his, which he says he hath lost out of his cabin. I did the first office of a justice of Peace to examine a seaman thereupon, but could find no reason to commit him. This last tide the Kingsale was also run aboard and lost her mainmast, by another ship, which makes us think it ominous to the Guiny voyage, to have two of her ships spoilt before they go out. After dinner, my Lady being very fearfull she staid and kept my wife there, and I and another gentleman, a friend of Sir W. Pen’s, went back in the barge, very merry by the way, as far as Whitehall in her. To the Privy Seal, where I signed many pardons and some few things else. From thence Mr. Moore and I into London to a tavern near my house, and there we drank and discoursed of ways how to put out a little money to the best advantage, and at present he has persuaded me to put out 250l. for 50l. per annum for eight years, and I think I shall do it. Thence home, where I found the wench washing, and I up to my study, and there did make up an even 100l., and sealed it to lie by. After that to bed.

Wednesday 12 December 1660Monday 10 December 1660

Also on this day

Temperature: 5°C / 41°F

  • (Average for December 1660)

In Parliament

In Earls Colne, Essex

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  • L250 out — L50/yr for 8 yrs back —

    I calculate that as 11.81% interest. A good return, IF it is secure.

  • “very bad and the wind high… my Lady being very fearfull she staid and kept my wife there…” Reminds me how seasick (riversick?) one can be even on the Thames. It might not be that wide, but the wind and tide can work up a fearful ‘lop’. I’d be in a tavern in Woolwich thanks….

  • Strange that 20 men were drowned in such shallow water.

  • which lies there (poor ship, that I have been twice merry in…)

    one gets a sense that sam’s feeling for the navy is something warmer than for just columns of figures and mariners needing pay.

    and thanks, Hic, for ‘the trim agley’. wonderful word; brought me back to the wee bit of bobbie burns i read in school long ago.

  • Well Matthew, apart from the fact that a lot of the sailors in those days could not swim at all, it may be that the 20 were caught below decks and trapped there. There may not have been a way of escape from the cold water rushing in.
    Sailors often did not want to learn to swim because if they washed from aboard into the sea the ordeal of surviving too long was not a very nice prospect. One hand for the ship, and one hand for yourself was their motto.

  • Sailors dying

    Lack of swimming skills sounds like the best explanation, but perhaps some of the sailors died when crowding around an exit (some get trampled and block the exit — that leads to deaths all the time in major fires). Just speculation.

    If the ship sunk when most of the men were sleeping, it makes it more likely that the exits were crowded.

  • Depending on the manner and rate of speed at which the ship sank …

    … I could easily see the “trapped below decks” variant being true. (How fast WOULD a ship such as this go under?) Whether sleeping or hard at work, they certainly wouldn’t have had modern safety or “handicapped accessible” design features built in.

    But then what do I know? I haven’t even seen “Master and Commander” yet!

  • I’m curious as to what sort of pardons Pepys might have signed. Were these commutations of serious offences?

    It would be a rich irony if Pepys were absolving people for acts of thievery. I wonder whether such pardons could be purchased easily and for how much?

  • Re: pardons. I think previous posters have it right …

    …that the pardons are coming down from the King (as opposed to percolating up from petitioners with cash attached). Thus these are the ones Pepys was complaining about earlier, just a great deal of work that didn’t make any money in the process. And here he was so happy that the King didn’t go out of town when it was his turn at the Privy Seal!

  • These pardons are coming straight from the King, Pepys is signing them as an officer of the Privy Seal & they would be most probably connected to the late Civil War & Charles 1’s demise.

  • How did they refloat a ship back then? They didn’t have any fancy equipment like today and there sits a large ship full of water. What techniques did they use to get that thing back up?

    The Assurance doesn’t appear too badly off because it is partly above water. Was it still possible to refloat a ship completely submerged?

    I’m very curious to know how they did this.

  • The swedish warship Vasa sank at the outset of her maiden voyage in Stockholm harbor in 1628!

    I understand that the Vasa was being moved from the shipyard to a nearby berth and that the sailors had their wives and families aboard.

    http://www.vasamuseet.se/indexeng.html

    My favorite story about the inquiry afterwards was told by a quide at the Vasa museum. Apparently, some time during the planning and the design of the warship, King Gustavus had occasion to review the construction drawings. This tacit acceptance of the design was sufficient to get everyone else off the hook as the king was infallible. Myth or not, it is a great story.

  • How to refloat? —

    A ship that was blown over on its side, and sunk by water rushing in through gunports and hatches, would be comparatively simple to refloat by bailing/pumping out the water. If a hole were punched in the hull, the first step would be to put a temporary patch over the hole, probably by sending down divers, then pumping out enough water to float it to a shipyard (I don’t know if drydocks had been invented yet).

  • o! that luverly yeller stuff “…which makes us think it ominous to the Guiny voyage, to have two of her ships spoilt before they go out…”
    see Wednesday 3 October 1660
    “…This day I heard the Duke speak of a great design that he and my Lord of Pembroke have, and a great many others, of sending a venture to some parts of Africa to dig for gold ore there. They intend to admit as many as will venture their money, and so make themselves a company. 250l. is the lowest share for every man….”
    Using Government( still C2’s perogative crown that is?) property for a little selfish reasons. Merchants and crown, do see Eye to eye on profit (taxes). It is the beginning of an interesting period of adventure and oranisation banking and betting.
    SP Is still a little shy of enough socks of money to get involved.

  • “o! that luverly yeller stuff”
    H’mmm. I was trying to make this connection too. But 19th- and 20th-century sources have Guiny as Guiana in northwestern South America.

    So we are dealing with Guiana and knowing that New Guinea is between Australia and Indonesia and that Ghana today is in Africa.

    From the Columbia Encyclopedia:
    “Guinea, an archaic term for the west coast of Africa. In its widest sense it applied to the region from Angola to Senegal. Parts of the region bore names originating in early colonial trade, notably Grain Coast, Ivory Coast, Gold Coast, and Slave Coast. Characteristics of the coast are dense tropical forests, heavy rainfall, and a hot, humid climate. The name Guinea may have derived from the ancient kingdom of Ghana, or the town of Jenne in W Sudan. Today [1969] the term refers to the Republic of Guinea, Portuguese Guinea, or Spanish Guinea. NEW GUINEA is a large island N of Australia.”

    I’m thinking vincent is right in pegging this aborted-voyage to the October 3rd entry that contained “gold”.

  • no “guiny” was the gold coast, the Dutch,the Danes the Swedes. and others were looking for gold: well known through out the Africas for golde [Mali,Ghana] see 3rd oct’s input: also
    1657/8 Danish Gold Coast Settlements established on eastern Gold coast
    (Ft. Friedensborg [Ningo], Ft. Christiansborg, Ft. Augustaborg
    [Tshi], Ft. Prinzenstein [Keta], Ft. Konigenstein [Ada])
    (also called Danish Guniea) under the Danish West India company.
    20 Apr 1663 Danes seize last of Sweden’s Gold Coast settlements
    (Ft. Christiansborg and Carlsborg [Cape Castle]).

    http://www.vdiest.nl/ghana.htm

    1598 Dutch Gold Coast Settlements begin.
    This appears to be the first British trials at making new Guineas
    The gold

  • How to refloat?

  • Sadly, people can drown just a few hundred yards from dry land in a ship overturned in shallow water. The Herald of Free Enterprise disaster a few years ago shows that :(

    People drown in such circumstances if they are unlucky enough to be in the wrong part of the ship at the wrong time and unable to reach the surface to get air, or if they are too seriously injured to rescue themselves and unlucky that there’s nobody about to rescue them.

  • Isn’t hypothermia the best explanation?

    Jackie’s comment made me curious about the **Herald of Free Enterprise** disaster, so I looked it up on the Web. It occurred in March and led to many deaths not far from shore because people in the water died of hypothermia. Doesn’t that seem like a very convincing explanation for many, perhaps most, of the 20 *Assurance* deaths? Thanks for the comment, Jackie!

    Here’s a description of the Herald disaster:

    “The roll-on/roll-off passenger car ferry Herald of Free Enterprise capsized in the approaches to the Belgian port of Zeebrugge en route to Dover in England at 7.05pm local time on March 6, 1987. … The ship had a crew of 80 and carried 459 passengers, 81 cars, 3 buses, and 47 trucks. She capsized in about 90 seconds soon after leaving the harbour, ending on her side half-submerged in shallow water. … Following the capsize a heroic search and rescue operation was mounted. At least 150 passengers and 38 members of the crew lost their lives, most inside the ship, from hypothermia, in the frigid water. Many others were injured.”
    http://business.unisa.edu.au/cobar/corpresp/case_studies/study3.htm

  • Drydocks

    For Nix:
    The oldest drydock in the real sense of the word was constructed in Portsmouth dockyard in 1495. There seems to be very little other information available on the web.

    A few sites:
    http://www.stvincent.ac.uk/WfS/Tourism/Portsmouth/HistShips/dockyard.html
    http://www.socs.co.uk/projects/interpretation/dockyard500.html

  • If you take a look at the dates of Pepy’s diaries when this was reported, we are talking about an incident in December. Hypothermia is highly likely in some of these deaths.

    In the Herald, some were trapped, some were hampered in their attempts to escape by hypothermia. Some diied when they were hit by other objects falling on top of them when the dining area floor went vertical.

    The Assurance was in a cold river, in December in an era when the Thames sometimes actually froze. There are aspects in common with any sudden sinking in history. Sailing is not and has never been entirely safe.

  • “Sailors often did not want to learn to swim…”
    I have read this many a time and have never—until now—questioned it. But can this really be true? It seems to me that most seamen who went overboard would likely be in harbor, transferring from small boats, handling cargo, or simply going aboard drunk, and swimming could clearly save their lives. Seamen in battle? Most of the battle paintings I’ve seen show sailors clinging to floating chunks of wood; surely a sailor would prefer to be able to swim to reach something like that. Of course, things change as times change, but with eleven years at sea, both navy and merchant marine, I never knew a single sailor who admitted he didn’t know how to swim. Do we have any contemporary source references to this point?

  • “Sailors unable to swim…”

    It appears to be true that many sailors refused to learn to swim out of superstition: to learn to swim meant preparing for something (shipwreck) which you prayed would never happen, and it was bound to bring bad luck - in a sense it implied you didn’t trust God’s wisdom!

    We shouldn’t generalize though: there were certainly sailors who could swim. But the fact remains that even somebody who can swim around in a river or a lake may not be capable to save himself or others from a raging sea with high waves…

    There are many references on the web, without much detail however. One of the most interesting ones I discovered involves newfoundland(er)s - the dogs:
    “NEWFOUNDLANDS have webbed feet and a few hundred years ago used to be kept aboard sailing ships. Many sailors thought it was bad luck to know how to swim so if one fell overboard he often drowned. In these cases, the dog would be thrown in to “fetch”, and due to his size and webbed feet would generally have no trouble bringing the man safely back to the ship.” from:
    http://www.gurney.co.uk/pads/5PROJECT.HTM

    Another one, from BBC and with a nice pic:
    http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/programmes/theship/ship_gallery_4.shtml

  • The wreck of a vessel - HMS Assurance - is lying on the seabed at Latitude 50

  • “HMS Assurance”

    I found 2 references to a HMS Assurance for this period (there was at least one more vessel with that name, in 1864, but that is obviously a different ship):

    1. A John Bouton who departed from Gravesend, England in 1635 aboard the *HMS Assurance* and settled in Norwalk, Connecticut. http://www.geocities.com/Hollywood/Studio/1689/name.html

    2. *HMS Assurance*, wrecked off Needles, April 1753(n.s.)=1752(o.s.)
    http://homepage.ntlworld.com/pernod/4.html

    Both may refer to the same ship, possibly also the one Glyn refers to, but I can’t tell if that is the case.

    Later there was also the 44-gun *HMS Assurance* (in 1783)
    http://www.raynbow.com/models/rs.htm
    and yet another in 1864 - and possibly even more *Assurances* after this…

  • Assurance ” A name the British navy like. The 1660 version from records
    The Assurance weighed 342 tons and was 89 feet long and was fitted with 32 guns and manned by 150 men.
    It was built in by Peter Pett Woolwich in 1646 sold in 1698
    http://www.battleships-cruisers.co.uk/sailship.htm

    ASSURANCE - Voir l

  • Justice Of The Peace

    Am I write in interpreting this entry as SP trying a seaman for the theft of Capt. Noakes’ belongings ? It would appear that SP’s role bore more of a resemblance to the examining justice’s role in French Law rather than the modern judicial function of a magistrate.

  • Justice of the peace —

    You are partially right. The justice of the peace is the lowest rung of the judicial system. He presides over trials of petty offenses and minor civil matters. In more serious offenses, such as this, he conducts a preliminary hearing to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to send someone to trial in a higher court. He conducts the examination himself because, in those blessed days, prosecution was less systematized than it is now, the separation of powers was less developed, and poor defendants such as the seaman would not have had an attorney insisting upon more punctilious procedure. But these were preliminary processes only — the ultimate destination was still a jury trial of the English type.

  • Another aspect of JP: He was a pillar of the local community so if he knew you and liked you, a Ref. from him gave one an “In” to any of the upper functions like ‘aving a bank account and overdraft or gentlemens job in an Hoffice of respectability [ called professional position]

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