Skip navigation

Saturday 4 February 1659/60

In the morning at my lute an hour, and so to my office, where I staid expecting to have Mr. Squib come to me, but he did not. At noon walking in the Hall I found Mr. Swan and got him and Captain Stone together, and there advised about Mr. Downing’s business. So to Will’s, and sat there till three o’clock and then to Mr. Swan’s, where I found his wife in very genteel mourning for her father, and took him out by water to the Counsellor at the Temple, Mr. Stephens, and from thence to Gray’s Inn, thinking to speak with Sotherton Ellis, but found him not, so we met with an acquaintance of his in the walks, and went and drank, where I ate some bread and butter, having ate nothing all day, while they were by chance discoursing of Marriot, the great eater, so that I was, I remember, ashamed to eat what I would have done. Here Swan shewed us a ballad to the tune of Mardike which was most incomparably wrote in a printed hand, which I borrowed of him, but the song proved but silly, and so I did not write it out. Thence we went and leaving Swan at his master’s, my Lord Widdrington, I met with Spicer, Washington, and D. Vines in Lincoln’s Inn Court, and they were buying of a hanging jack to roast birds on of a fellow that was there selling of some. I was fain to slip from there and went to Mrs. Crew’s to her and advised about a maid to come and be with Mrs. Jem while her maid is sick, but she could spare none. Thence to Sir Harry Wright’s, but my lady not being within I spoke to Mrs. Carter about it, who will get one against Monday. So with a link boy to Scott’s, where Mrs. Ann was in a heat, but I spoke not to her, but told Mrs. Jem what I had done, and after that went home and wrote letters into the country by the post, and then played awhile on my lute, and so done, to supper and then to bed. All the news to-day is, that the Parliament this morning voted the House to be made up four hundred forthwith. This day my wife killed her turkeys that Mr. Sheply gave her, that came out of Zealand with my Lord, and could not get her m’d Jane by no means at any time to kill anything.

Sunday 5 February 1659/60Friday 3 February 1659/60

Also on this day

Temperature: 4°C / 39°F

  • (Average for February 1660)

(About this data)

Annotations

  • So discussing gluttony dampens Sam’s appetite: a useful trick—-but will it work for the rest of the 7 Deadlies?

    Meanwhile, Mrs. Pepys is shown to be ever more a woman of parts. (A housewife’s lot has never been an easy one; in her small rural town, my grandmother [b. 1901] dispatched her own chickens likewise, through the late 1970s.) Though Pepys need not remind himself that his wife’s name was Elizabeth, according to Phil’s Search she has never yet been designated as such in the Diary itself. He must have expected Posterity to do a little research.

  • “buying of a hanging jack”:

    jack (OED 8):
    A machine for turning the spit in roasting meat; either wound up like a clock or actuated by the draught of heated air up the chimney (smoke-jack).

    1587 Lanc. Wills (Chetham Soc.) II. 190 The iacke whiche turneth the broche. 1615 J. Stephens Satyr. Ess. 285 The winding up of a iacke is better then musicke to his eares in Lent. 1660 Pepys Diary 23 Oct., After supper we looked over..his wooden jack in his chimney, which goes with the smoke, which indeed is very pretty. 1778 Mad. D’Arblay Diary Sept., Our roasting is not magnificent, for we have no jack. 1840 Dickens Barn. Rudge xxix, Hugh..sent it twirling round like a roasting jack.

  • “the song proved but silly”:
    Besides its modern meaning, “silly” had also the following senses (OED):

    2 Weak, feeble, frail; insignificant, trifling
    3 Unlearned, unsophisticated, simple, rustic, ignorant.

  • Mardike

    This is the tune ‘Mardike’ from Playford’s Dancing master or Plaine and Easie Rules for the Dancing of Country Dances 1657.
    http://www.izaak.unh.edu/nhltmd/indexes/dancingmaster/Dance/Play0372.htm

  • “Marriot the great eater”: Thanks to Latham & Matthews, we learn that this is a reference to one Ben Marriott, of Gray’s Inn (d. 1653), a by-word for gluttony and the subject of several coarse pamphlets, e.g. “The great eater of Grayes-Inne, or The life of Mr. Marriott the cormorant”.

  • I just started the diarys this week and have caught up.. a few times earlier it was said that someone was “abroad”
    what did this mean? I know they were still local because one time it referred to Mrs Pepys.

    the site is fantastic
    thank you.

  • “Abroad” meaning away from one’s home.

  • So Mrs Ann is still fed up with Sam about the flock bed.

    I wonder if Montague has brought these Turkeys from Denmark, or is this a different Zealand?

    Marriot ‘the great eater’ sounds a fascinating charactor. Does anybody else know anything about him?

  • Isn’t Zealand in The Netherlands?

    Conventionally spelled ‘ee’ these days, but it’s definitely there…

  • Cormorant (see annotation above on ‘Marriot the great eater’)

    http://www.birdsofbritain.co.uk/bird-guide/cormorant.htm

    The allusion is to the way these birds swallow large fish.

    I work in Wandsworth near the Thames and now the quality of the water in the river has been much improved I see cormorants quite frequently.

  • Zeeland is a province at the coast of the the Netherlands. You would pass it on the way to Antwerp or Rotterdam, which I presume were quite big trade cities.

  • I’m loving this site! Thanks to all involved……..As my grasp of 17th century British history is a bit shaky, does anyone know of an online historical timeline that can be consulted while reading the diary??

  • link boys

    One of the persistent (and very low paying) jobs in London from the 17th century to the 19th. Link boys figure in Restoration comedies and in Dickens as well. A poem in praise of Dr. Johnson, a hunded years later, indicates the fee for having someone light the way:
    “Where, like a farthing link-boy, Jenyns stands,
    And the dim torch drops from his feeble hands.”
    Of course, that’s 100 years later, given inflation … Indeed, there may not have been any coin smaller than a farthing in 1660 (weren’t groats no longer used?) I wonder how much a farthing could buy in 1660? It might be interesting, as the Diary is so much about getting and spending, to have an idea of the cost of items. For example, how much would Sam’s morning draught cost?

  • Rotterdam is still the Worlds largest harbour.
    http://www.portofrotterdam.com/UK/Portmap/airphotos.asp

  • currency

    As I did a little research, I discovered a great site that indicates the coins in circulation in 1660 (or any other period in English history) and their relative values

    www.bignell.uk.com/17th_and_18th.htm

    Farthings (1/4 penny) were indeed the smallest coins at the time.

  • Money in 1660
    Thanks Steve - great link…

    The Bank of England publishes a Retail Price Index (I think every month). They state that

  • “The House to be made up four hundred forthwith”
    Does anyone know if that means that the Rump was planning on recalling four hundred of the excluded members, or to call for four hundred new by elections?

  • “Mrs. Ann was in a heat”
    Any speculation as to whether this “heat” was literal or figurative (given that in our recent encounters with Mrs. Ann, she has had a fever from ague or has been in a dudgeon as Mr.Pepys).

  • According to Latham and Matthews Zeeland is in Denmark,Montagu’s fleet having returned from there in August 1659.

  • As to Parliament vote: The Rump Parliament, knowing that public sentiment seemed to be heading toward reinstatement of the monarchy, may have been trying to limit the number of previous members who could reclaim their seats under a regime change. Probably, they were also trying to keep their own seats (and heads) by picking who could vote in case there was an election.

    Love this project. Thanks to Phil for it.

  • I AM JUST RELEARNING MY HISTORY.
    WILL YOU TELL ME WHO WAS KING IN 1660 & A TAD OF THAT HISTORY.

    S

  • There was no king at the time of writing. Richard Cromwell, son of Oliver, had been removed the previous year.

    From http://lego70.tripod.com/england/parliament_1649_1660.htm

    “Rump Parliament and Long Parliament (1659-1660)
    On 6 May 1659 the military officers carried out a coup by declaring that they have invited the members of the Parliament who “continued sitting till the 20th of April, 1653, to return to the exercise and discharge of their trust”, and they “gently” persuade Speaker Lenthall to accept the invitation. The Rump Parliament convened on 7 May 1659 and issued a declaration establishing “commonwealth without a king, single person, or house of lords,” thus effectively terminating Richard’s protectorship. However, in a few months it became clear that the Rump was unable to govern. On 13 Oct 1659, it was dissolved by the army under General Lambert and substituted with the 23-member Committee of Safety. However, Sir Arthur Haselrig appealed to other Army generals to support the Rump against Lambert, and General George Monck, commander-in-chief in Scotland, declared that he was ready to uphold Parliament’s authority. Lambert marched north against Monck in November 1659, but most of his army deserted. The Rump was reestablished again on 26 Dec 1659.”

    I have edited this slightly to avoid ‘spoilers’

  • “Hanging jack to roast birds on” —

    Sounds like the direct ancestor of the Ronco Rotisserie. Was the “fellow that was there selling of some” named Popeil?

    (Yanks who watch TV after midnight should get this reference — don’t know if our British friends will.)

  • Greedy Gullets

    Long of neck and long of beak, cormorants (like gannets) are indeed proverbial in England for their greed - not because they eat large fish, but because of the way they tip back their heads to gulp them down whole.

  • Currency
    Seve and Andrea, thanks for the great cites/sites.

  • A problem with general monetary equivalence figures is that the cost of living is qualitatively different, so that while we can get a rough idea of them in general, the ratios in cost between, for example, a tankard of ale and taking a ride on the Thames from Westminster to Tower Hill and buying a pair of shoes are all relatively different from what they would be today. I’d love it if someone could find a source for the prices of everyday things in this period. How much did Sam’s books cost him, for example? How much was the tab for his bread-and-butter or for a dish of sardines?

  • Turkeys from Zealand

    it is very possible that this turkey came from the the Dutch province of Zeeland. The inhabitants (Zeeuwen) have always had a lot of trade with England, but also with the East- and West Indies, so they might well have im- and exported turkeys.

    A short google-search has revealed that there does not seem to be any study of turkeykeeping in the Netherlands. So there’s work to be done!

  • Parliament’s vote regarding the House
    General Monck’s arrival into London, which is well described in preceding entries, led to a reversal of Pride’s Purge of 1648. The following description of the purge is taken from: www.skyhook.co.uk/civwar

    ‘On 6th December 1648, troops commanded by Colonel Thomas Pride arrested 45 MPs and prevented another 186 from taking their seats in the House of Commons. The excluded MPs were mostly Presbyterians who were regarded as antagonistic to the Army and who favoured a negotiated settlement with the King … By removing the MPs who still favoured a negotiated settlement, the Purge effectively cleared the way for [King Charles I’s] trial and execution the following month.’

    Simply stated, there wasn’t a new election at this point. Merely the return of the ‘secluded’ MPs, who had been ousted 12 years earlier.

    Also, regarding the confusion about Denmark/Netherlands, both has a ‘Zeeland/Sjaeland’. Copenhagen in on the island of Sjaeland to the west of the Swedish peninsula and the Dutch province of ‘Zeeland’ is on the coast to the south of Holland.

  • Ague

    Found this English folk belief of the 1600’s

  • There’s an interesting reference to jacks in the story of when the future Charles II was on the run (a few years before this diary entry) attempting to escape from the country.

    Some Royalist supporters were attempting to move him around disguised as a servant and when staying over at a country house, the cook ordered him to wind the jack and when he revealed himself as unable to do this, berated him and asked what sort of imbecile couldn’t wind a jack? He managed to get around it by suggesting that his family were so poor that they rarely roasted meat and didn’t have a jack.

    However, the distinct impression was given that everybody was expected to be at least broadly familiar with a jack.

  • A Stuart Timeline

    There is a nice little timeline of Stuart Britain available here, along with some other nice features:

    http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/guide17/index.html

  • Zealand:
    It’s true that the island of Sjaelland in Denmark is sometimes called “Zealand” in English, but this is far more likely to refer to the Dutch province; unless Latham and Matthews have a good reason for their claim that Denmark is referred to, it strikes me as a serious blunder.

    I second steve h’s call for a site that shows period prices; as he says, “modern equivalents” aren’t worth much.

  • re money : the pound was called the “unite” according to Bignal. Did not know that. Thanks Steve h. and 290 years later I got a “huffer” for a farthing, and for penny could go to the loo. SP could keep a household going on 50L (or a pound a week) How many Pounds does it take now in London town to live in a one room rented from an AOP today.

  • RE: A problem with … monetary …

    I don’t know if this will be of some assistance to steve h (and anyone else trying to determine prices for the mid-1600s) or just be more frustrating, but here’s two websites.

    For prices of some things in 1625 and in 1630 (I have no idea how fast prices changed back then):

    http://www.portsdown.demon.co.uk/mark.htm

    For an online currency calculator from 1660 to now, for what it’s worth:

    http://eh.net/htmit/ppowerbp/

    Other sources must be out there.

  • Prices in the 17th Century

    I found this inventory of Michael Harte, bookseller of Exeter, 1615

    http://www.devon.gov.uk/library/locstudy/bookhist/harte.html

    It’s mostly a list of books but there are some household items.

    Here’s a sample:

    1 Redd Capp 1 Rideing hood xviii d

    1 old pr of Tongs & a fleshook ix d

    1 Galleaver with a Flask &
    Titch box & a Dagg without lock
    or Snappance vi s viii d

    The figures are all in roman numerals and the prices are in shillings (s) and pence (d). There were 12 pence to the shilling and 20 shillings to the pound.

    Here’s a link to a site that explains about about coinage in the UK pre 1971.

    http://www.wilkiecollins.demon.co.uk/coinage/coins.htm

  • David Quidnunc
    thanks for the source :

  • Who can blame Jane?

    The spooky thing about headless turkeys and chickens is that they can move around for a bit — even run around briefly — after the beheading.
    My mother used to watch my grandmother chop the heads off, but she remembers the running around occurring “just for seconds.” And I’m sure everybody has heard the phrase, “Running around like a chicken with it’s head cut off.” (It gets 873 Google.com citations — I thought there’d be more.)

    Then the plucking commences. I suppose the feathers were used for beds.

    Human bodies can also twitch after death, but something about birds gives them a longer or more common “twilight” period. Aren’t you glad you know that?

    And you’re welcome, Michael Vincent.

  • more currencies

    I know a bit more about the earlier period - so in 1600 a labourer would earn around

  • re: Headless Chickens

    David Q, you’ve posted a lot of good info and links here … now, it’s time for me to return the favor.

    You say: “Human bodies can also twitch after death, but something about birds gives them a longer or more common ‘twilight’ period.”

    Apparently, it’s something to do with the the fact that the brain stem extends a bit down a bird’s neck … in other words, cutting off the head does not necessarily remove all of the brain from a chicken’s body.

    And *sometimes*, cutting the head off makes no difference at all, as those of us familiar with the story of “Mike the Headless Chicken” no doubt know:
    http://www.miketheheadlesschicken.org/Mike%20Story.htm

    Aren’t you glad you know that? :^)

  • Black Crested Cormorants winter in central Texas and are likely to eat every single fish in farm and ranch “stock tanks” (ponds).

  • Some Prices, c. 1660

    According to Liza Picard’s Restoration London, for a penny you could buy a pound of the cheapest sorts of cheese, or a loaf of bread (price controlled in the city of London). For tuppence you could buy a flounder. A pound of butter or a pint of cream cost a groat (4 pence). You could buy a pound of brown sugar for fivepence, or a pound of bacon for nine pence. A chicken cost a shilling, as did a pint of oysters or half a pound of pepper. Clothes were more expensive; a pair of stockings cost 5 shillings, a pair of silk stockings 15 shillings, the silver lace on Pepys’ coat cost 19 shillings per 4 ounces of lace, and a pair of man’s boots cost about 1 pound, 10 shillings.

  • Estimating the costs of then versus today

    The best way to estimate what something cost is to know how many hours of labour were needed to pay for things. Clothes znd shoes were very expensive because they were hand made and very labour intensive and the fabric was expensive, especially if it had been shipped from overseas. Servants, were cheap, as there was a plentiful supply. Food was probably fairly cheap, but certainly not processed as we have it today. e.g. If you bought a chicken you had to kill and pluck it. There was no refrigeration and no supermarkets.

    Many things which we take for granted today are vastly cheaper than they were back then, as they are produced by machines. Things that were labour intensive would have cost far less then than they do today. In contrast, many things we take for granted were either not available or very expensive.

    Again, if a man earned 50 pounds a year, you need to estimate what each servant was paid, how much his rent cost, his food, his candles, etc.

  • “1 Galleaver with a Flask & Titch box
    & a Dagg without lock or Snappance vi s viii d”

    Wow. I have no idea what a “galleaver” or “snappance” might be. A dag(g) is a kind of pistol, and a “touch box” holds priming powder:

    dag, sb.2
    A kind of heavy pistol or hand-gun formerly in use.
    1587 Harrison England ii. xvi. (1877) i. 283 To ride with a case of dags at his sadle bow. 1642 Laud Wks. (1853) III. 461, I heard a great crack, as loud as the report of a small dag.

    touch-box. [for touch-powder box: see touch-powder.] A box for `touch-powder’ or priming-powder, formerly forming part of a musketeer’s equipment.
    1549 Acts Privy Council (1890) II. 348 Flaskes, cviij; touche boxes, c. 1564 Wills & Inv. N.C. (Surtees) I. 226 One dagg wth flask and tutchbockes v s. 1598 Barret Theor. Warres iii. i. 34 To haue his touchboxe fastened by the string..and to prime his peece with touch-powder.

  • Turkeys are native to the Americas and were domesticated by the Aztecs in Mexico. They were taken to Spain in 1500, and introduced from there to England in 1524. Barnaby George wrote one of the first books on Livestock (Four Books on Husbandry) in 1578 where he remarks that “Turkey cocks we have not long had among us, for before the year of our Lord, 1530 , they were not seen with us.”


  • Chicken prices, per head

    Apparently prices did change, comparing the information on the website I mentioned above for 1625 in Southampton with that Restoration London book that Susanna’s found. In my price list, TWO normal chickens could be bought for 6d; in the book Susanna found, where ONE would go for a shilling (20d, right?) in 1660 London. That’s almost a sevenfold difference. It looks like we have to be careful about price guesswork (and get that book Susanna has).

    And Todd’s link to Mike, the Headless Chicken is priceless.

    Incidentally, today is a record for number of annotations — it even beats out 1 January. Interesting & informative, too. Something to cluck about.


  • for a bit of more recent perspective:

    when I took the bus (the 9, the 73, or the 27, if you’re a London bus connoisseur) to school from Kensington to Hammersmith (at least a couple of miles) around 1961, my fare was a “tuppenny half”—i.e., a child’s half an adult fare, tuppence (half of four old pence). In 1971, when the switch was made to decimal currency, one new penny was deemed worth about two and a half old pence. We didn’t have groats or farthings anymore then, but we did have threepenny bits (which were twelve-sided), sixpences, and ha’pennies (pronounced “HAYP’ny”; half a penny). In case nobody answered that question from somebody above, four pennies and a penny and a halfpenny would come to: fivepence ha’penny. Thus the words of the song “Christmas is coming”: “Christmas is coming, the geese are getting fat. Please put a penny in the old man’s hat. If you haven’t got a penny, a ha’penny will do, if you haven’t got a ha’penny, God bless you.”

  • chicken prices per head

    David, ‘one would go for a shilling (20d right?)’ is not correct, a shilling is 12d making it a fourfold difference.

  • A bit about British money…
    I am surprised that a farthing was the smallest monetary unit of the time. The King James Bible talks of the Widow’s mite, so one assumes the congregation were at least familiar with mites. A mite was half a farthing or 1/8th penny.
    (1/96th of a shilling)
    For those who don’t know pre-decimalisation British currency, a quick conversion table:
    The basic units were l.s.d or pounds, shillings and pence, but named coins of other denominations were common, e.g. a groat (until 1662)
    4 farthings = 1d (penny)
    4d = 1 groat
    12d = 3 groats = 1s (shilling)
    5s = 1 crown (half-a-crown = 2s 6d)
    20s = 4 crowns = 1l or

  • Glad that Grahamt has made everything so simple. You know, back in 1972 a lot of British people didn’t want to switch to decimal coinage (100 pennies = 1 pound) because they thought it was too complicated.

  • Snaphance, Snaphaunce, Snaphaan

    An early flintlock invented in the Spanish Netherlands (Holland) simultaneously with the miquelet in Spain. The action is similar to later flintlocks except that the pan cover is manually operated. Dating from the 16th century the system may derive its name from a Dutch word meaning “chicken thief”. The inventors employed in this occupation could not afford wheel locks and would have been betrayed by the lighted match of a matchlock. A similar requirement for an inexpensive, fire-less system led to the miquelet in

    http://www.firearmsmuseum.org.au/Survey/Glossary/GlosS.htm

    Still don’t know what a Galleaver is though. Possibly some kind of firearm?

  • Luigi

  • Pre-decimal currency was more popular not just because we were a load of Luddites (and always think things were better then!), but because anything done to base 12 give more flexibility for calculation.
    This is becoming a really good site - Thanks Phil, and everyone else for all the interesting links you’re posting

  • Dutch Snaphaan

    The word could mean “chicken thief” in Dutch, but that does’nt make much sense, does it? “Haan” is the Dutch word for “Cock”, also in the sense of a part of the firing mechanism. If you look at the cock on a musket, you might see a resemblance to a crowing cock.

    Snaphaan therefore means “a cock that goes snap”

  • Charles II and the Roasting Jack
    Jackie’s fun story about Prince Charles (as he was) and the jacks sounds an awful lot like King Alfred and the burnt cakes, doesn’t it? I’m guessing they’re probably both about as reliable, too. (For those who don’t know what I’m talking about, there’s an old, apocryphal story that when Alfred the Great was on the run from the Danes, he sheltered incognito with a cowherd, and the good wife berated him for letting her cakes burn when he was supposed to watch them.)

  • Re: Widow’s Mite
    I can’t argue with Derek’s scholarly explanation of the Widow’s mite. I had heard of the mite as half a farthing at school, (50’s/60’s). To check my facts before writing the above I had looked in the Shorter OED and found as the first definition:

    1 Hist. Orig., a Flemish copper coin of very small value. Later, any very small unit of currency; specifically, half a farthing. LME.

    …and it was that last phrase which I used as my reference. Maybe the OED took Tyndale literally, but Late Middle English (LME) would suggest around 1300-1500, so it appears that a mite was half a farthing before Tyndale’s translation.

  • more currency trivia:

    the guinea (worth

  • Oddly enough, the story about the jack and his inability to use it appears to have come from Charles himself, and we’re not a million miles away from at least one of the people who eventually heard the story of his escape and wrote down parts of it. It seems that Charles was rather fond of talking about his series of narrow escapes.

    There is some plausibility here - Charles did disguise himself as a servant and in those days, Royalty were absolutely not expected to know anything about the practical, manual skills (in fact it was frowned upon as unbecoming for anybody of Royal status to soil his hands with any such activities), so acting like a servant was extraordinarily difficult for Charles, as he really did not have a clue how such basic things as what a groom does after he’s led a horse into a stable (and out of sight of his master). As has been pointed out in a review of a book on the subject of Charles’ escape - nowadays the most aloof dictator left on his own to make a sudden dash for the border when things go pear-shaped will probably have a reasonable idea as to how to put petrol into his car and change a flat tyre if need be, but in those days, Royalty was absolutely not expected to know the equivalent survival skills. If they wanted to ride, grooms would saddle and bridle the horse and bring it to the Royal personage.

    As for what servants did in the kitchens to ensure that the food appeared on their employers tables, he’d probably never even considered it until then!

  • Just to round out Grahamt’s description of pre decimal English money, there was also a florin coin worth 2 shillings commonly called a 2 bob bit. I’ve no idea where “bob” comes from but the 10 shilling note was also called a 10 bob note.

  • More on currency —

    I recall reading somewhere that luxury goods were commonly priced in guineas rather than pounds. Can anyone confirm this — and tell us why?

  • Money terms (OED):

    mite [Du.] 1 a Originally, a Flemish copper coin of very small value; according to some early Flemish writers, worth 1/3 of a Flemish penny, though other, chiefly smaller, values are also mentioned. In Eng. use mainly as a proverbial expression for an extremely small unit of money value. In books of commercial arithmetic in 16-17th c. it commonly appears as the lowest denomination of English money of account, usually 1/24 d, but sometimes 1/64 d, and sometimes 1/12 d; it is, however, unlikely that the word was ever in Eng. mercantile use. From the 14th c. mite has been the usual rendering (though the Wyclif versions have ‘mynutis’) of L. minu

  • Richard, the Chicken with Its Head on Backwards
    You know, Mrs. Pepys may have killed those chickens by wringing their necks. Any takers?

  • I’m seconding the notion that Latham and Matthews made a mistake that many of my American compatriots make today. When I came back to the U.S. from living in the Netherlands, the common response when this came up in conversation was “I really like Danish pastry.” I guess it’s not too hard for people who have no experience of either place to get the Danish and the Dutch (from two small northern European countries) mixed up.

  • Turkeys from Danish Zealand, I think

    Edward Montagu, in command of the fleet, was sent to Denmark in the spring of 1659, returned directly in August and retired to Hinchingbrooke, where he stayed put. I don’t know the last time he was in the Netherlands. Given that these gobblers “came out of Zealand with my Lord” the case for Denmark’s Zealand sounds good.

  • re: street names for money:
    theres the tanner,(6d) Quid (20s)
    guineas were very useful to get a little bit more.
    39 guineas(419s) sounds cheaper than 40 quid (40L, 400s) It also gave great class distintion. The hoi poloi v posh

  • I wish to thank Roger Miller for the derivation of the word

  • Two bob bit:
    This was a Victorian invention and was called a Florin. It was an early attempt at decimalisation (10Fl =

  • Re: “time-honored way of killing a chicken “
    I worked on a chicken farm in my teens and never used an axe to kill a chicken. “Necking” was the way I was taught by the old boys who had done it all their lives. The usual way was to just pull on the head until the neck snapped, for tough old birds and turkeys, the bird was slung over the back and head and feet pulled forward using the back as leverage to snap the neck.
    In the slaughter houses, though, the birds were hung up by their feet, stunned and their throats slit while their hearts still pumped to remove the blood from the flesh.
    I didn’t eat chicken or eggs for about 20 years after leaving that job.

  • “I recall reading somewhere that luxury goods were commonly priced in guineas rather than pounds. Can anyone confirm this

  • So Sam returns home to find out the two teenage girls have been quarrelling over which of them was going to kill the turkeys - basically he’s a wimp for not doing it himself.

    I don’t know whether they were killed with an axe or by wringing their necks, but I imagine it would have been a two-person job. These birds were a lot leaner, muscular and meaner than the ones we buy today.

    Presumably Sam, Elizabeth and Jane are all town-people rather than country folk, so might not have had much practice at killing animals themselves.

    This might be very slightly relevant. The Pilgrim Fathers almost starved to death in their first winter in America, which was about 40 years earlier. Although the winter was harsh they had plenty of food (wild game, shellfish etc) but they were mainly urban people and were unused to living off the land - at least, so I have been told.

  • Snaphance, Snaphaunce, Snaphaan again

    I came across this really neat animation of a ‘spitting hen’ in action.

    http://www.silcom.com/~vikman/isles/scriptorium/firearm/snap.html

    The same site has animations of other forms of early firing mechanisms.

    I suppose that by 1660 Monk’s army would have been armed with flintlocks.

  • Re: turkey in foreign languages

    turkey in Malay is ‘ayam belanda’, which literally means ‘dutch chicken’, most probably because the dutch must have introduced the bird when they colonized Malacca. But it also proves that the turkey wins the ‘Most Geographically Confused Animal’ prize hands down. :-)

    This must be a waaay late posting, but I just came across this site, and I’m going through it an entry a day, hence the late response. But it’s worth it, and keep up the good work :-)

  • Ref SNAPHAAN - sorry for the late reaction, but I have just discovered this page while exploring this site.

    Dutch is my native language, and I remember this word being used (it is out of fashion now) for surplus roosters on a chicken farm. These birds were destined for early slaughter, and being young they tended to be very boisterous.

    Maybe this sheds some new light on this hazy subject?!

Post an annotation

Before posting an annotation please read the annotation guidelines.
If your comment isn't directly relevant to this page, try the discussion group for other Pepys-related topics or the social group for general chat.

(required)

(required)

(optional)


No HTML in annotations. URLs will be turned into links. About copyright